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Atheism

Published: 11 June 2009(GMT+10)

For many other articles on this topic, see Atheism, agnosticism and humanism: godless religions—Questions and Answers

Table of contents

  1. Definition of “Atheism”
    1.1 Variations of Atheism
  2. Atheism as nature worship or neo-paganism
    2.1 Atheist religion
  3. Why Atheism is chosen
    3.1 Natural born Atheist
  4. Atheism and ethics/morality
    4.1 Atheism and the “problem of evil”
    4.2 Atheism and the “Euthyphro Dilemma”
    4.3 Atheism’s “problem of evil”
    4.4 Atheism’s Euthyphro Dilemma
    4.5 Theism’s reward and punishment versus Atheism’s pure motives
  5. Religion as child abuse
  6. Atheism’s arguments against theism, or Atheism’s “atheology”
    6.1 Who made God?
  7. Arguments for God’s existence
    7.1 Forms of the cosmological argument
    7.2 Argument from cosmological natural theology
    7.3 Forms of the teleological argument
    7.4 Forms of the ontological argument
    7.5 Forms of the moral law argument
    7.6 Dostoevsky’s argument from the consequences of positive Atheism
    7.7 The argument from joy
    7.8 Ronald Nash’s argument from numbers
  8. Atheism and science
    8.1 Atheism and miracles
    8.2 Origins
  9. Atheism in the public school classrooms
  10. Atheism as “scientific” story telling
  11. Atheism and physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and societal health
    11.1 Atheism and charity
    11.2 Atheism and suicide
    11.3 Atheism and adult mortality
    11.4 Cause of death
    11.5 Attitudes towards abortion
    11.6 Christmas and happiness
    11.7 Atheism and superstition
    11.8 Society
    11.9 Atheism and honesty
    11.10 Incarceration
    11.11 Atheism, marriage and divorce
  12. Atheism and Communism
  13. G. K. Chesterton’s Conclusion

References

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This video, A Fool's Heart, was voted down on YouTube. Some atheists apparently don’t like it, but you can view it here. It recaps some of the effects of anti-Christian atheistic/evolutionary thinking in recent times, beginning with Robespierre, a leader of the French Revolution.

1. Definition of “Atheism”

There is confusion and debate about the term “atheism” and its definition.

The term “atheism” finds its etymology in the Greek combination of “a” and “theos”. What “atheos” means is, as with any term, subject to context (and perhaps personal interpretation). Note that if an atheist states, “I do not believe in God”, this is technically not a statement about God’s existence or lack thereof. Does atheos mean “no God”, “without God”, “lack God belief” or “God does not exist”?

Early Christians were referred to as “atheists” because they did not believe in the Greek or Roman gods. Yet, while they positively affirmed the non-existence of those gods they likely believed that those gods were deceptive demons whom they did believe existed (1 Corinthians 8:4–6).

Let us consider other Greek-derived “a” words:

  • “Amusement”—no, without, or lack of musing, but does this mean that musing does not exist, that the person is merely not musing at the moment, that there is merely no musing upon a particular topic, etc.?
  • “Agnostic”—no, without, or lack of gnosis (knowledge), but does this mean that knowledge does not exist, or merely that none exists with regards to a particular topic, or merely that it may exist but we lack it?

Generally, as popularized by the New Atheist movement, atheists prefer the definition of “atheism” as “lacking belief in god(s)”. Thus, by applying the term “atheist” to themselves, such atheists are not technically making a statement about God’s existence or lack thereof.

This definition has been popularized, at least, since Charles Bradlaugh (circa 1876). It appears to be preferred so as to escape the philosophic difficulty of proving a negative—God does not exist—and in order to shift the burden of proof to the theist, since the theist is making the positive affirmation that God exists.

On a polemical note there are two things to consider:

  1. Meeting atheists on their own ground: if they want to define atheism as a mere lack of God belief, grant it and continue the discussion.
  2. Making them see whence their position comes and where it leads.

In reference to the above mentioned term “agnostic”, note that Thomas Henry Huxley coined this term in 1869.1 He explained that he noted two extremes: one was the atheist who positively affirmed God’s non-existence (claiming to know that God did not exist) and the other was the theists who positively affirmed God’s existence (claiming to know that God exists). Huxley said that he did not possess enough evidence to affirm positively either position. Thus, he coined a term which he saw as a middle position, which was that of lacking knowledge to decide either way (whether such knowledge actually exists outside of his personal knowledge or may someday be discovered is another issue).

As we will see next, there are various sects of atheism. There is a vast difference between the friendly atheist next door and the activists. Generally, even the activist types who are typified by the New Atheist movement will define “atheism” as a mere lack of belief in God. However, it is important to note that their activism demonstrates that their atheism is anything but mere lack: it is an anti-“religion”, anti-“faith” and anti-“God” movement.

1.1 Variations of Atheism

Atheists may be categorized under various technical terms as well as sociopolitical and cultural ones, which may overlap depending on the individual atheist’s preferences:

  • Strong atheism, positive atheism, explicit atheism or critical atheism: generally refers to those who positively affirm God’s non-existence. Some current atheists, perhaps influenced by the deleterious effects of the New Atheist movement, actually think that this definition of atheism is a hoax concocted by theists in order to make atheists appear foolish. Yet, this is a traditional definition and one found in various dictionaries, encyclopedias, philosophical textbooks.2
  • Weak atheism, negative atheism or implicit atheism: generally refers to those who would claim merely to lack a God belief. They would generally claim that they do not believe in God because God’s existence has not been proven (or evidenced). It may or may not be in the future. This sect is similar to agnosticism.
  • Militant atheism or antitheism: generally refers to atheists who consider belief in God as dangerous superstitious ignorance and seek to abolish it or, at the very least, remove it from the public sphere (public meaning from politics, culture at large, etc.).

Some atheists claim that atheism is a religion3 and others have attempted to establish secular/civic/atheistic religions which we will elucidate below.

Michael Shermer, editor of The Skeptic magazine, draws a distinction between the atheist who claims, “there is no God” and the non-theist who claims to have “no belief in God”.4

As to the sociopolitical and/or cultural terms, these abound and some are: Brights, Freethinkers, Humanists, Naturalists, Rationalists, Skeptics, Secular Humanists and Materialists.

Some atheists squabble about terminology. For example, “American Atheists” webmaster wrote, “Atheists are NOT ‘secular humanists’, ‘freethinkers’, ‘rationalists’ or ‘ethical culturalists’ … Often, people who are Atheists find it useful to masquerade behind such labels”5 while the “Freedom from Religion Foundation”, claims that, “Freethinkers include atheists, agnostics and rationalists”.6

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2 Atheism as nature worship or neo-paganism

By “nature worship” and “neo-paganism” I refer to the atheist’s tendency to replace a sense of awe of God and seeking transcendence by relating to God with seeking awe and transcendence in nature. This natural high, as it were, is not merely enjoyed but it is enjoined and said to be holier than theism.

Referring to our ability to “step off the Earth and look back at ourselves,” as was done in Voyager 2, Carl Sagan stated,

“I find that a chilling, spine-tingling, exciting, perspective-raising, consciousness-raising experience. It&rsqu
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