REFERENCES EXAMINING ASSAULTS BY WOMEN ON THEIR SPOUSES OR MALE PARTNERS:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

Martin S. Fiebert
Department of Psychology
California State University, Long Beach
 

Last updated: June 2012


SUMMARY:  This bibliography examines 286 scholarly investigations: 221 empirical studies and 65 reviews and/or analyses, which demonstrate that women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners.  The aggregate sample size in the reviewed studies exceeds 371,600. 

    Bibliographic references sorted by category

    Ackard, D. M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2002).  Date violence and date rape among adolescents: associations with disordered eating behaviors and psychological health.  Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 455-473.  (A Minnesota statewide school sample of 81,247 students <40,301 boys, 40,946 girls> in the 9th and 12th grade responded to the question of whether they ever experienced date related violence.  Over 90% of students reported never experiencing dating violence.  In terms of grades, 3.3% of 9th grade girls and 2.8% of 9th grade boys reported experiencing violence, while 5.5% of 12th grade girls and 2.3% of 12th grade boys reported experiencing violence.  In terms of ethnicity, American Indian boys <7.1%> and African American boys <7.2%> reported experiencing higher rates of dating violence than American Indian girls <6.8%> and African American girls <3.6%>).

    Aizenman, M., & Kelley, G. (1988).  The incidence of violence and acquaintance rape in dating relationships among college men and women.  Journal of College Student Development, 29, 305-311.  (A sample of actively dating college students <204 women and 140 men> responded to a survey examining courtship violence.  Authors report that there were no significant differences between the sexes in self reported perpetration of physical abuse.)

    Allen-Collinson, J. (2009).  A marked man: Female perpetrated intimate partner abuse.  International Journal of Men's Health, 8, (1), 22-40.  (A case study of an abused heterosexual man.  Article examines themes obtained from interviews and personal diary material.)

    Amendt, G. (2008).  I didnt divorce my kids!: How fathers deal with family break-ups.  Campus Verlag Publishers.  (In Chapter 5 author presents data from an internet survey of 3600 divorced German fathers.  Results reveal that 1/3 of men reported episodes of physical violence during the divorce process and 2/3 of these were initiated by ex-partners.)

    Anderson, K. L. (2002).  Perpetrator or victim?  Relationships between intimate partner violence and well-being.  Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 851-863.  (Data consisted of 7,395 married and cohabiting heterosexual couples drawn from wave 1 of the National Survey of Families and Households <NSFH-1>.  In terms of measures: subjects were asked "how many arguments during the past year resulted in 'you hitting, shoving or throwing things at a partner.'  They were also asked how many arguments ended with their partner, 'hitting, shoving or throwing things at you.'"  Author reports that, "victimization rates are slightly higher among men than women <9% vs 7%> and in cases that involve perpetration by only one partner, more women than men were identified as perpetrators <2% vs 1%>.")

     Archer, J. (2000).  Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review.  Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651-680. (Meta-analyses of sex differences in physical aggression indicate that women were more likely than men to use one or more acts of physical aggression and to use such acts more frequently.  In terms of injuries, women were somewhat more likely to be injured, and analyses reveal that  62% of those injured were women.)

    Archer, J. (2002).  Sex differences in physically aggressive acts between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review.  Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 213-351.  (Analyzing responses to the Conflict Tactic Scale and using a data set somewhat different from the previous 2000 publication, the author reports that women are more likely than men to throw something at their partners, as well as slap, kick, bite, punch and hit with an object.  Men were more likely than women to strangle, choke, or beat up their partners.)

    Archer, J. (2006).  Cross cultural differences in physical aggression between partners: A social-role analysis.  Personality & Social Psychology Review, 10, 133-153.  (A review article which suggests that "women's empowerment is associated with lower victimization rates from their partners."  Greater individualism and empowerment by women, however, are also associated with higher perpetration rates.)

     Archer, J., & Ray, N. (1989).  Dating violence in the United Kingdom: a preliminary study.  Aggressive Behavior, 15, 337-343. (Twenty three dating couples completed the Conflict Tactics scale.  Results indicate that women were significantly more likely than their male partners to express physical violence.  Authors also report that, "measures of partner agreement were high" and that the correlation between past and present violence was low.)

      Arias, I., Samios, M., & O'Leary, K. D. (1987).  Prevalence and correlates of physical aggression during courtship. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 82-90. (Used Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 270 undergraduates <95 men, 175 women> and found 30% of men and 49% of women reported using some form of  aggression in their dating histories with a greater percentage of women engaging in severe physical aggression.)

     Arias, I., & Johnson, P. (1989).  Evaluations of physical  aggression among intimate dyads.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 298-307. (Used Conflict Tactics Scale-CTS- with a sample of 103 male and 99 female undergraduates. Both men and women had similar experience with dating violence, 19% of women and 18% of men admitted being physically aggressive.  A significantly greater percentage of women thought self-defense was a legitimate reason for men to be aggressive,  while a greater percentage of men thought slapping was a legitimate response for a man or woman if their partner was sexually unfaithful.)

    Arriaga, X. B., & Foshee, V. A. (2004).  Adolescent dating violence.  Do adolescents follow in their friends' or their parents' footsteps?  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 162-184.  (A modified version of Conflict Tactics Scale was administered on two occasions, 6 months apart, to 526 adolescents, <280 girls, 246 boys> whose median age was 13.  Results reveal that 28% of girls reported perpetrating violence with their partners <17% moderate, 11% severe> on occasion one, while 42% of girls reported perpetrating violence <25% moderate, 17% severe> on occasion two.  For boys, 11% reported perpetrating violence <6% moderate, 5% severe> on occasion one, while 21% reported perpetrating violence <6% moderate, 15% severe> on occasion two.  In terms of victimization, 33% of girls, and 38% of boys reported being victims of partner aggression on occasion one and 47% of girls and 49% of boys reported victimization on occasion two.

    Basile, S. (2004).  Comparison of abuse by same and opposite-gender litigants as cited in requests for abuse prevention orders.  Journal of Family Violence, 19, 59-68.  (Author examined court documents in Massachusetts for the year 1997 and found that, "male and female defendants, who were the subject of a complaint in domestic relations cases, while sometimes exhibiting different aggressive tendencies, measured almost equally abusive in terms of the overall level of psychological and physical aggression.)

    Bernard, M. L., & Bernard, J. L. (1983).  Violent intimacy: The family as a model for love relationships.  Family Relations, 32, 283-286.  (Surveyed 461 college students, 168 men, 293 women, with regard to dating violence.  Found that 15% of the men admitted to physically abusing their partners, while 21% of women admitted to physically abusing their partners.)

    Billingham, R. E., Bland, R., & Leary, A. (1999).  Dating Violence at three time periods: 1976, 1992, 1996.  Psychological Reports, 85, 574-578.  (Data was collected from college students in 1986 <401 women, 202 men>, 1992 <210 women, 204 men> and 1996 <342 women, 229 men>.  Subjects completed the CTS and results reveal a significant decrease in partner violence over a 10 year period.  However, in terms of subjects' self reported violence and report of partner violence, women were consistently more aggressive than men.)

    Billingham, R. E., & Sack, A. R. (1986).  Courtship violence and the interactive status of the relationship.  Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 315-325.  (Using CTS with  526 university students <167 men, 359 women> found Similar rates of mutual violence but with women reporting higher rates of violence initiation when partner had not--9% vs 3%.)

     Bland, R., & Orne, H. (1986).  Family violence and psychiatric disorder.  Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 129-137. (In interviews with 1,200 randomly selected Canadians <489 men, 711 women> found that women both engaged in and initiated violence at higher rates than their male partners.)

     Bohannon, J. R., Dosser Jr., D. A., & Lindley, S. E. (1995). Using couple data to determine domestic violence rates: An attempt to replicate previous work.  Violence and Victims, 10, 133-41. (Authors report that in a sample of 94 military couples 11% of wives and 7% of husbands were physically aggressive, as reported by the wives.)

    Bookwala, J. (2002). The role of own and perceived partner attachment in relationship aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 84-100. (In a sample of 161 undergraduates, 34.3% of women <n=35> reported being victims of partner aggression compared to 55.9% <n=33> of men.)

     Bookwala, J., Frieze, I. H., Smith, C., & Ryan, K. (1992). Predictors of dating violence: A multi variate analysis. Violence and Victims, 7, 297-311.  (Used CTS with 305 college students <227 women, 78 men> and found that 133 women and 43 men experienced violence in a current or recent dating relationship.  Authors reports that "women reported the expression of as much or more violence in their relationships as men."  While most violence in relationships appears to be mutual--36% reported by women, 38% by men-- women report initiating violence with non violent partners more frequently than men <22% vs 17%>).

    Brinkerhoff, M., & Lupri, E. (1988).  Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 13, 407-434. (Examined Interspousal violence in a representative sample of 562 couples in Calgary, Canada. Used Conflict Tactics Scale and found twice as much wife-to-husband as husband-to-wife severe violence <10.7% vs 4.8%>.  The overall violence rate for husbands was 10.3% while the overall violence rate for wives was 13.2%. Violence was significantly higher in younger and childless couples. Results suggest that male violence decreased with higher educational attainment, while female violence increased.)

    Brown, G. (2004).  Gender as a factor in the response of the law-enforcement system to violence against partners.  Sexuality and Culture, 8, (3-4), 3-139.  (Summarizes partner violence data from the 1999 Canadian General Social Survey <GSS>.  The GSS is based on a representative sample of 25,876 persons.  Overall in the 12-month period preceding the survey, an estimated 3% Canadian women and 2% of Canadian men reported experiencing violence from their partners.  During the 5 year period from 1995-1999, an estimated 8% of Canadian women and 7% of Canadian men reported violence from their partners.  Reviewed police and legal responses to partner violence in Edmonton, Canada and concludes that ". . . men who are involved in disputes with their partners, whether as alleged victims or as alleged offenders or both, are disadvantaged and treated less favorably than women by the law-enforcement system at almost every step.")

    Brush, L. D. (1990). Violent Acts and injurious outcomes in    married couples: Methodological issues in the National Survey of Families and Households.  Gender & Society, 4, 56-67. (Used the Conflict Tactics scale in a large national survey, n=5,474, and found that women engage in same amount of spousal violence as men.)

    Brutz, J., & Ingoldsby, B. B. (1984). Conflict resolution in Quaker families.  Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 21-26.  (Used Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 288 Quakers <130 men, 158 women> and found a slightly higher rate of female to male violence <15.2%> than male to female violence <14.6%>.)

    Burke, P. J., Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988).  Gender identity, self-esteem, and physical and sexual abuse in dating relationships.  Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 272-285.  (A sample of 505 college students <298 women, 207 men> completed the CTS.  Authors reports that they found "no significant difference between men and women in reporting inflicting or sustaining physical abuse."  Specifically, within a one year period they found that 14% of the men and 18% of the women reported inflicting physical abuse, while 10% of the men and 14% of the women reported sustaining physical abuse.)

    Caetano, R., Schafter, J., Field, C., & Nelson, S. M. (2002).  Agreement on reports of intimate partner violence among white, Black, and Hispanic couples in the United States.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 1308-1322.  (A probability sample of 1635 couples was interviewed and assessed with the CTS.  Agreement concerning intimate partner violence was about 40%, with no differences reported across ethnicities.  Women significantly reported perpetrating more partner violence than men in all three ethnic groups.)

    Callahan, M. R., Tolman, R. M., & Saunders, D. G. (2003).  Adolescent dating violence victimization and psychological well-being.  Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(6), 664-681.  (Subjects were 190 high school students <53% male; 47% female; approximately 50% African-American> who completed a modified version of the CTS2.  In terms of injuries, 22% of girls and 17% of boys reported being injured by their dating partners.  Note this difference was nonsignificant.)

    Capaldi, D. M. & Crosby, L. (1997).  Observed and reported psychological and physical aggression in young, at-risk couples.  Social Development, 6, 184-206.  (A sample of 118 young men and their dating partners were surveyed regarding their own physical aggression as well as that of their partners.  Findings reveal that 31% of men and 36% of women engaged "in an act of physical aggression against their current partner.")

    Capaldi, D. M, Kim, H. K., & Shortt, J. W. (2004).  Women's involvement in aggression in young adult romantic relationships.  In M. Putallaz and K. L. Bierman (Eds.).  Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Violence Among Girls (pp. 223-241).  New York: Guildford Press.  (A review chapter which reports on data obtained from Oregon Youth Study and Couples Study.  Authors conclude that "Young women were observed to initiate physical aggression toward their partners more frequently than were the young men."  And "the relative prevalence of frequent physical aggression by women and of injury and fear for men was surprisingly high.")

    Capaldi, D. M., Kim, H. K., & Shortt, J. W. (2007).  Observed initiation and reciprocity of physical aggression in young at-risk couples.  Journal of Family Violence, 22 (2) 101-111.  (A longitudinal study using subjects from the Oregon Youth and Couples Study. <see above>  Subjects were assessed 4 times across a 9 year period from late adolescence to mid-20's.  Findings reseal that young women's rate of initiation of physical violence was "two times higher than men's during late adolescence and young adulthood."  By mid-20's the rate of initiation was about equal.  Mutual aggression increased the likelihood of injury for both men and women.)

    Capaldi, D. M. & Owen, L. D. (2001).  Physical aggression in a community sample of at-risk young couples: Gender comparisons for high frequency, injury, and fear.  Journal of Family Psychology, 15 (3), 425-440.  Drawn from a community based at-risk sample, 159 young couples were assessed with the Conflict Tactics scale and measures of self reported injuries.  Findings indicated that 9.4% of men and 13.2% of women perpetrated frequent physical aggression toward their partners.  Contrary to expectations, 13% of men and 9% of women, indicated that they were physically injured at least once.  Authors report "2% of the men and none of the women indicate that they had been hurt by their partners between five and nine times."

    Carlson, B. E. (1987).  Dating violence: a research review and comparison with spouse abuse.  Social Casework, 68, 16-23.  (Reviews research on dating violence and finds that men and women are equally likely to aggress against their partners and that "the frequency of aggressive acts is inversely related to the likelihood of their causing physical injury.")

    Carney, M., Buttell, F., & Dutton, D. (2007).  Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence: A review of the literature with recommendations for treatment.  Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 108-115.  (An excellent review of the literature on women who perpetrate violence in intimate relationships.  Also summarizes intervention programs for such women.)

     Carrado, M., George, M. J., Loxam, E., Jones, L., & Templar, D. (1996).  Aggression in British heterosexual relationships: a descriptive analysis.  Aggressive Behavior, 22, 401-415.  (In a representative sample of British men <n=894> and women <n=971> it was found, using a modified version of the CTS, that 18% of the men and 13% of the women reported being victims of physical violence at some point in their heterosexual relationships.  With regard to current relationships, 11% of men and 5% of women reported being victims of partner aggression.)

    Cascardi, M., Avery-Leaf, S., O'Leary, K. D., & Slep, A. M. S. (1999).  Factor Structure and convergent validity of the Conflict Tactics Scale in high school students.  Psychological Assessment, 11, 546-555.  (A sample of 2320 high school students <1,180 males, 1,140 females> from seven high schools in Long Island, New York were assessed with a modified CTS.  A significantly greater number of women <37.8%> compared to <22.5%> men reported perpetrating physical aggression toward their dating partners.  Of specific note 18.1% of women compared to 4.3% of men reported slapping their partners and 16.9% of women compared to 5.5% of men reported "kicking, biting or hitting" their partners.)

    Cascardi, M., Langhinrichsen, J., & Vivian, D. (1992).  Marital aggression: Impact, injury, and health correlates for husbands and wives.  Archives of Internal Medicine, 152, 1178-1184.  (Examined 93 couples seeking marital therapy. Found using the CTS and other information that 71% reported at least one incident of physical aggression in past year. While men and women were equally likely to perpetrate violence, women reported more severe injuries.  Half of the wives and two thirds of the husbands reported no injuries as a result of all aggression, but wives sustained more injuries as a result of mild aggression.)

    Caulfield, M. B., & Riggs, D. S. (1992). The assessment of dating aggression: Empirical evaluation of the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 549-558. (Used CTS with a sample of 667 unmarried college students <268 men and 399 women> and found on a number of items significantly higher responses of physical violence on part of women.  For example, 19% of women slapped their male partner while 7% of men slapped their partners, 13% of women kicked, bit, or hit their partners with a fist while only 3.1% of men engaged in this activity.)

    Cercone, J. J., Beach, S. R. H., & Arias, I. (2005).  Gender Symmetry in Dating Intimate Partner Violence: Does Behavior Imply Similar Constructs?  Violence and Victims, 20 (2) 207-218.  (A sample of 414 college students <189 men, 225 women> responded to the CTS2.  Results reveal that male and female subjects were equally likely to be perpetrators of minor violence in intimate dating relationships, but women were twice as likely as men to perpetrate severe violence <15.11% vs 7.41%>).

    Chang, D. F., Shen, B-J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2009).  Prevalence and demographic correlates of intimate partner violence in Asian Americans.  International Journal of Law & Psychiatry, 32, 167-175.  (Study reports the first national estimate of IPV among Asian Americans.  Sample consisted of 1470 <47% men, 53% women> individuals of varying Asian ethnicities who responded to items on the CTS.  Data reveals that 5.02% of men and 8.48% of women perpetrated minor violence on their partners.  With regard to severe violence women were more than twice as likely as men to perpetrate violence <1.54% vs .71%>).

    Chermack, St. T., Walton, M. A., Fuller, B. E., & Blow, F. C. (2001).  Correlates of expressed and received violence across relationship types among men and women substance abusers.  Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 15, 140-151.  (A sample of substance abusers <126 men, 126 women> ranging in age from 17-83 completed a modified version of the CTS.  Results reveal no differences in expressed or received partner violence for men and women.)

    Clark, M. L., Beckett, J., Wells, M., & Dungee-Anderson, D. (1994).  Courtship Violence among African-American college students.  Journal of Black Psychology, 20 (3), 264-281.  (A sample of 311 African-American college students <76 men, 235 women> responded to the CTS.  Findings reveal that 41% of men and 33% of women reported being physically abused by a dating partner.)

    Claxton-Oldfield, S. & Arsenault, J. (1999). The initiation of physically aggressive behaviour by female university students toward their male partners: Prevalence and the reasons offered for such behaviors. Unpublished manuscript.  (In a sample of 168 actively dating female undergraduates at a Canadian university, 26% indicated that they initiated physical aggression toward their male partners. Most common reason for such behavior was because partner was not listening to them.)

    Cogan, R., & Ballinger III, B. C. (2006).  Alcohol problems and the differentiation of partner, stranger, and general violence.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21 (7), 924-935.  (A sample of 457 college men and 958 college women completed the CTS.  Results revealed that significantly more men than women <35.4% vs 26.0%> reported being victimized by their partners.)

    Coker, A. L., McKeown, R. E., Sanderson, M., Davis, K. E., Valois, R. F., & Huebner, E. S. (2000).  Severe dating violence and quality of life among South Carolina high school students.  American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19, (4), 220-227.  (A stratified sample of 5414 <2836 female, 2578 male> public high school students grades 9 through 12 responded to the South Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 1997.  Severe physical dating violence was assessed by responses to the question of how many times during the past 12 months were you physically beaten up by the person you date or go out with?  And how many times during the past 12 months did you beat up the person you date or go out with?  Results reveal that 8.9% of girls reported perpetrating violence compared to 6.1% of boys.  In terms of victimization, 9.7% of girls reported being victims compared to 5.3% of boys.)

    Coleman, D. H., & Straus, M. A. (1986).  Marital Power, Conflict, and Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Couples.  Violence and Victims, 1, 141-157.  A sample of 2,143 couples from a 1975 nationally representative survey responded to the CTS and a measure developed by Blood and Wolfe to assess marital power.  Couples were classified as equalitarian, female-dominant, male-dominant, or divided power.  Equalitarian couples had the lowest rates of partner violence while female-dominant couples had the highest rate of partner violence followed by male dominant couples.)

    Coney, N. S., & Mackey, W. C. (1999). The feminization of domestic violence in America: The woozle effect goes beyond rhetoric. Journal of Mens Studies, 8 (1), 45-58.  (Authors  review the domestic violence literature and report that while society in general as well as the media portray women as recipients of domestic violence...epidemiological surveys on the distribution of violent behavior between adult partners suggest gender parity.)

    Cook, P. W. (1997).  Abused men.  The hidden side of domestic violence.  Westport, CN.: Praeger.  (Presents the evidence, empirical and personal, for male spousal victimization.  Examines resistance to acceptance of findings and offers solutions to reduce domestic violence.)

    Corry, C. E., Fiebert, M. S., & Pizzy, E. (2002). Controlling domestic violence against men. Available: www.familytx.org/research/Control_DV_against_men.pdf  Earlier version presented at Sixth International Conference on Family Violence, San Diego, CA. (A critical examination of men as victims of partner violence.)

    Cui, M., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Melby, J. N., & Bryant, C. M. (2005).  Observer, Self-, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in romantic relationships.  Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169-1181.  (Examined a sample of 236 young people <48% married, 52% dating; 56% women, 44% men> who completed questionnaires regarding their hostility toward their partners.  Findings reveal that couples living together have higher levels of hostility than dating couples and that women in both conditions demonstrate higher levels of hostility towards their partners than men.)

    Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., Clark, C. L., & Schafer, J. (1999).  Alcohol-related problems and intimate partner violence among white, Black, and Hispanic couples in the U.S.  Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1492-1501.  (A probability sample of 1440 couples <565 white, 358 Black, 527 Hispanic> was obtained from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey.  Subjects completed the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Ethnicity results reveal that overall rates of partner aggression were similar for whites and Hispanic while Black rates were significantly higher.  In terms of gender, white men and women had similar rates of partner aggression, Hispanic women were somewhat more aggressive than Hispanic men and Black men were more aggressive than Black women.  Alcohol related problems were a predictor of intimate partner violence in Black couples.)

    Davis. R. L. (2010).  Domestic Violence-related deaths.  Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 2 (2), 44-52.  (A review article which examines domestic violence-related suicides.  Author concludes that "when domestic violence-related suicides are combined with domestic homicides, the total numbers of domestic violence-related deaths are higher for males than females.")

    Deal, J. E., & Wampler, K. S. (1986).  Dating violence: The primacy of previous experience.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 3, 457-471.  (Of 410 university students <295 women, 115 men> responding to CTS and other instruments, it was revealed that 47% experienced some violence in dating relationships. The majority of experiences were reciprocal.  When not reciprocal men were three times more likely than women to report being victims.  Violent experiences in previous relationships was the best predictor of violence in current relationships.)

    DeKeseredy, W. S. & Schwartz, M. D. (1998).  Woman abuse on campus.  Results from the Canadian National survey.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  (A large sample <1,835 women; 1,307 men> of Canadian college students completed the Conflict Tactics Scale.  Results reveal that women report engaging in higher rates of violence than men.  Specifically, 46.1% of women reported engaging in some physical violence in intimate relationship since leaving high school.  With 38% employing "minor" violence and 19% employing "severe" violence.)

    DeMaris, A. (1992). Male versus female initiation of aggression: The case of courtship violence.  In E. C. Viano (Ed.), Intimate violence: interdisciplinary perspectives. (pp. 111-120).  Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis. (Examined a sample of 865 white and black college students with regard to the initiation of violence in their dating experience.  Found that 218 subjects, 80 men and 138 women, had experienced or expressed violence in current or recent dating relationships.  Results indicate that "when one partner could be said to be the usual initiator of violence, that partner was most  often the women.  This finding was the same for both black and white respondents.")

    Doroszewicz, K., & Forbes, G. B. (2008).  Experiences with dating aggression and sexual coercion among Polish college students.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 58-73.  (The CTS-2 was used to study dating aggression in a sample <men=100, women=100> of unmarried Polish college students.  Results reveal that women were overall significantly more aggressive than men <48% vs 35.6%>).

    Dowd, L. (2001).  Female Perpetrators of Partner Aggression: Relevant Issue and Treatment.  Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 5 (2), 73-104.  (A review article examining female partner aggression with a focus on treatment issues.)

    Dutton, D. G. (2006).  Rethinking Domestic Violence.  Vancouver: UBC Press.  (A thoughtful and scholarly analysis of research and treatment in the area of Domestic Violence.  Offers much insight, particularly to therapists and policy makers with regard to Intimate Partner Violence <IPV>.  Concludes that men are as likely as women to be victims and both suffer similar physical and psychological consequences of IPV.)

    Dutton, D. G. (2007).  Female intimate partner violence and developmental trajectories of abusive families.  International Journal of Men's Health, 6, 54-71.  (A review article which concludes that female violence towards intimate male partners is just as severe and has similar consequences as male violence towards women.  However, most criminal justice interventions and custody evaluations assume that males are more likely to be IPV perpetrators.)

    Dutton, D. G., Corvo, K. N., & Hamel, J. (2009).  The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and practice part II: The information website of the American Bar Association.  Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 30-38.  (A review article critiquing the American Bar Association's attempt to correct myths about domestic violence.  Specifically authors state, ". . . female IPV is more commonplace than male IPV.")

    Dutton, D. G. & Nicholls, T. L. (2005).  The gender paradigm in domestic violence research and theory: the conflict of theory and data.  Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 680-714.  (A review and analysis of the data regarding male victimization.  Critical of feminist approaches that minimize female perpetration and trivialize male injury.)

    Dutton, D. G., Nicholls, T. L., & Spidel, A. (2005).  Female perpetrators of intimate abuse.  Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 41, (4) 1-31.  (A review article examining issues related to female abusers.  Authors conclude, based on survey and epidemiological studies, that females are as abusive as males in intimate relationships.  They note that this is "especially so for younger cohort samples followed longitudinally.")

    Dutton-Greene, L. B., & Straus, M. A. (2005, July).  The relationship between gender hostility and partner violence and injury.  Paper presented at the 9th International Family Violence Research Conference, Portsmouth, NH.  (Report of findings from international dating violence Study which collected data from over 11,000 <70% women> college students from 50 universities in 21 countries.  Subjects responded to the revised Conflict Tactics scale, gender hostility scales and injury scales.  Findings reveal that women perpetrated greater partner violence than men, that women were more seriously injured than men and that hostility toward the opposite sex was significantly and similarly correlated with partner violence for men and women.)

    Eaton, D. K., Davis, K. S., Barrios, L., Brener, N. D., & Noonan, R. K. (2007).  Associations of dating violence victimization with lifetime participation, co-occurrence, and early initiation of risk behaviors among U. S. high school students.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 585-602.  (Data was examined from the 2003 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey.  Subjects were 15,214 students from the 9th to the 12th grade and consisted of 48.7% female, 61.5% white, 13.9% black, 16.6% Hispanic, and 8.1% other race or ethnicity.  Physical dating violence was assessed by response to the question: "During the past 12 months, did your boyfriend or girlfriend ever hit, slap, or physically hurt you on purpose?"  Results reveal that 8.8% of girls and 8.6% of boys reported being victims of dating violence.)

    Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., & Johnson, J. G. (2003).  Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study.  Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741-753.  (A sample of 541 subjects from New York State <298 women, 243 men> who had been followed for over 20 years responded to the CTS.  While overall similar rates of perpetration of partner abuse were reported by men and women <21% vs 22%> women were more likely than men to kick or hit <9% vs 5%> or hit or try to hit with objects <7% vs 2%>.)

    Ehrensaft, M. K., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2004).  Clinically abusive relationships in an unselected birth cohort: men's and women's participation and developmental antecedents.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113 (2), 258-270.  (Assessed 980 individuals, ages 24-26, who were participants in longitudinal study in New Zealand.  Subjects were examined with the CTS, the Partner Conflict Calendar, PCC, a measure of the consequences of abuse and a variety of personality and psychopathology scales.  Findings reveal that 9% of the total sample, with an equal number of men and women, were victims of clinical abuse in their relationships with partners.)

    Ellison, C. G., Barkowski, J. P., & Anderson, K. R. (1999).  Are there religious variations in domestic violence?  Journal of Family Issues, 20, 87-113.  (Subjects were selected from the first wave of The National Survey of Families & Households and consisted of 2,420 women and 2,242 men.  Self administered surveys revealed that females were significantly more likely than males to perpetrate violence toward their partners.  Authors report that "regular attendance at religious services is inversely associated" with domestic violence for men and women.)

    Ernst, A. A., Nick, T. G., Weiss, S. J., Houry, D., & Mills, T. (1997).  Domestic violence in an inner-city ED.  Annals of Emergency Medicine, 30, 190-197.  (Assessed 516 patients <233 men, 283 women> in a New Orleans inner-city emergency Department with the Index of Spousal Abuse, a scale to measure domestic violence.  Found that 28% of the men and 33% of the women <a nonsignificant difference>, were victims of past physical violence while 20% of the men and 19% of the women reported being current victims of physical violence.  In terms of ethnicity, 82% of subjects were African-American.  Authors report that there was a significant difference in the number of women vs. men who reported past abuse to the police ,19% of women, 6% of men.>)

    Farrell, W. (1999). Women cant hear what men dont say.  New York: Tarcher/Putnam.  See Chapter 6.  (Pp. 123-162; 323-329.)  (An excellent social and political analysis of couple violence.)

    Feather, N. T. (1996).  Domestic violence, gender and perceptions of justice.  Sex Roles, 35, 507-519.  (Subjects <109 men, 111 women> from Adelaide, South Australia, were presented a hypothetical scenario in which either a husband or wife perpetrated domestic violence.  Participants were significantly more negative in their evaluation of the husband than the wife, were more sympathetic to the wife and believed that the husband deserved a harsher penalty for his behavior.)

    Felson, R. B. (2002).  Violence and Gender Reexamined.  Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.  (Scholarly review and analysis of the literature.  Author concludes that, "Women are just as likely as men to be victims of violence from their partners. . . ."  Also "casts doubt on the battered wife syndrome as an explanation for why women kill their male partners.")

    Felson, R. B. (2006).  Is violence against women about women or about violence?  Contexts, 5, 21-25.  (Reports that while men are eight times more likely to commit overall violence than women, there is gender parity in partner violence.  Author suggests that violent men are "less likely to assault their partners because of the chivalry norm.")

    Felson, R. B. (2008).  The legal consequences of intimate partner violence for men and women.  Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 639-646.  (Author reports that "evidence does not support the idea that assaults by male partners are particularly likely to be underreported or treated leniently.  Rather, the results suggest that offenders who assault women are more likely to suffer legal consequences than those who assault men. . . ."  In the article author summarizes an unpublished study examining whether gender and marital status affect whether people think the police should be notified about a partner assault.  In a telephone survey, 800 subjects responded to a scenario of an argument between a couple in which one strikes the other, bruising their arm.  Results indicate that subjects were more likely <80% to 60%> to condemn men's assaults on women than women's assaults on men, even though injuries were identical.)

    Felson, R. B., & Outlaw, M. (2007).  The control motive and marital violence.  Violence and Victims, 22, 387-407.  (Study based on an analysis of data obtained through the National Violence Against Women Survey <see Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000>.  Authors looked at 10,000 respondents out of 16,000 total sample who were currently married.  Results reveal that adult women are just as controlling and jealous toward their male partners as the other way around.  Also report that, "While controlling spouses in current marriages are more likely to act violently there is no evidence that this relationship is gendered.")

    Felson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2005).  The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police.  Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 597-610.  (Authors analyzed data from The National Violence Against Women Survey, and found that "male victims are particularly reluctant to report assaults by their female partners."  Reasons for nonreporting include: fear of reprisal, thought that police could do nothing to help and charges would not be believed.)

    Felson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2007).  Does the criminal justice system treat domestic violence and sexual offenders leniently?  Justice Quarterly, 24, 435-459.  (Authors analyzed data from the National Violence Against Women Survey and conclude that "women who assault their male partners are particularly likely to avoid arrest.")

    Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005).  Partner violence and mental health outcomes in a New Zealand birth cohort.  Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1103-1119.  (Examined extent of domestic violence experience and perpetration in a sample of 828 <437 women, 391 men> young adults who were 25 years old.  Subjects were part of a long term longitudinal study and were administered the CTS2.  Results reveal that "there were more men exposed to severe domestic violence than women" and that mild and moderate rates were similar for men and women.  Overall, 39.4% of women and 30.9% of men reported perpetration scores of 3 or higher.  Authors report that men and women reported similar rates of injury <3.9% for women vs. 3.3% for men>.  In terms of initiation of partner assaults, 34% of women and 12% of men reported initiating physical assaults.)

    Fiebert, M. S., & Gonzalez, D. M. (1997).  Women who initiate assaults: The reasons offered for such behavior. Psychological Reports, 80, 583-590.  (A sample of 968 women, drawn primarily from college courses in the Southern California area, were surveyed regarding their initiation of physical assaults on their male partners.  29% of the women, n=285, revealed that they initiated assaults during the past five years. Women in their 20's were more likely to aggress than women aged 30 and above.  In terms of reasons, women appear to aggress because they did not believe that their male victims would be injured or would retaliate.  Women also claimed that they assaulted their male partners because they wished to engage their attention, particularly emotionally.)

    Fiebert, M. S. (1996). College students' perception of men as victims of women's assaultive behavior. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 82, 49-50. (Three hundred seventy one college students <91 men, 280 women> were surveyed regarding their knowledge and acceptance of the research finding regarding female assaultive behavior. The majority of subjects (63%) were unaware of the finding that women assault men as frequently as men assault women; a slightly higher percentage of women than men (39% vs 32%) indicated an awareness of this finding.  With regard to accepting the validity of these findings a majority of subjects (65%) endorsed such a result with a slightly higher percentage of  men (70% vs 64%)indicating their acceptance of this finding.)

     Flynn, C. P. (1990).  Relationship violence by women: issues and implications.  Family Relations, 36, 295-299.  (A review/analysis article that states, "researchers consistently have found that men and women in relationships, both marital and premarital engage in comparable amounts of violence."  Author also writes, "Violence by women in intimate relationships has received little attention from policy makers, the public, and until recently, researchers...battered men and abusive women have receive 'selective inattention' by both the media and researchers.")

      Follingstad, D. R., Wright, S., & Sebastian, J. A. (1991).  Sex differences in motivations and effects in dating violence.  Family Relations, 40, 51-57.  (A sample of 495 college students <207 men, 288 women> completed the CTS and other instruments including a "justification of relationship violence measure."  The study found that women were twice as likely to report perpetrating dating violence as men.  Female victims attributed male violence to a desire to gain control over them or to retaliate for being hit first, while men believed that female aggression was a based on their female partner's wish to "show how angry they were and to retaliate for feeling emotionally hurt or mistreated.")

    Foo, L., & Margolin, G. (1995).  A multivariate investigation of dating aggression.  Journal of Family Violence, 10, 351-377.  (A sample of 290 college students <111 men, 179 women> responded to the CTS.  Results reveal that 24.3% of men and 38.5% of women reported perpetrating physical violence toward their dating partners.)

     Forke, C. M., Myers, R. K., Catallozzi, M., & Schwarz, D. F. (2008).  Relationship violence among female and male college undergraduate students.  Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 162, 634-641.  (A sample of 910 college students <520 women, 390 men> from three college campuses responded to select items from the CTS.  Results indicate that women were significantly more likely to report perpetrating physical violence on their male partners than men on their female partners.)

     Foshee, V. A. (1996).  Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence, types and injuries.  Health Education Research, 11 (3), 275-286. (Data collected from 1965 adolescents in eighth and ninth grade in 14 schools in rural North Carolina. Results reveal that 36.5% of dating females and 39.4% of dating males report being victims of physical dating violence.  In terms of perpetrating violence 27.8% of females while only 1

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