Fruit fly turn-on: a sexy, youthful smell may make up for advancing age

Ann Arbor, Mich. – Beauty is more than skin deep, at least for fruit flies studied in new research that demonstrates how age-related changes in pheromone production can reduce sexual attractiveness.

The study, published Feb. 9 in The Journal of Experimental Biology, examined how pheromones play a role in the sexual attractiveness and aging process of the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, says Scott D. Pletcher, Ph.D., senior author of the study, associate professor in the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and research associate professor at the Institute of Gerontology.

Researchers first showed that older flies were significantly less attractive than younger flies. They then discovered that the profiles of different pheromones that flies produce, called cuticular hydrocarbons, change with age. Pheromones are chemicals produced by an organism to communicate or attract another.

Using a specially designed holding arena, researchers introduced a male fly into a chamber that contained two females – a young fly and an old fly. The females were decapitated, to eliminate the chances they’d influence the male fly with their behavior.

Researchers used state-of-the-art video tracking software to accurately assess the behavior of the male fly. Those videos showed that the male was much more attracted to the young fly. Similar experiments revealed that the same was true for females; they preferred younger males.

But later, researchers later removed the pheromones on young and old flies.They reapplied either pheromones from young or old flies to those blank flies and found that the choosing males preferred flies covered with the young pheromone.

“Our research showed this attractiveness was driven by the production of this cuticular hydrocarbon,” says Pletcher. “We found in the end that regardless of the age of the fly, the choosing flies really went crazy for the flies that carried the young pheromone.”

Because the fruit flies live just 60 to 90 days, they are a powerful tool for studying aging. As they age, their appearance does change. These results are important for studying what impacts the fruit fly lifespan.

“This is new because we have direct evidence that the pheromones produced at these different ages affect sexual attractiveness differently,” said Tsung-Han Kuo , a graduate student in the department of molecular and human genetics and the Huffington Center on Aging at Baylor College of Medicine who was the first author of the report.

This doesn’t mean there’s hope that fruit fly pheromone is a love potion to attract a mate before Valentine’s Day, Pletcher says, but it does provide some exciting insight into whether there is a connection between attractiveness and health.

“We’re excited about these results because they may help us leverage our knowledge of the mechanisms that drive the aging process. This research indicates that the mechanisms important for aging also influence outward attractiveness,” Pletcher says. “Our hope is we can take a trait like attractiveness and study the connection between attractiveness and health.”

Additional authors: Herman A. Dierick of Baylor College of Medicine; Joanne Y. Yew of the National University of Singapore; Tatyana Y. Fedina of the University of Michigan; and Klaus Dreisewerd of the University of Münster.

Funding: National Institutes of Health; the Glenn Foundation; the American Federation for Aging Research; the Ellison Medical Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Singapore National Research Foundation; the National Institute of General Medical Sciences; the Drosophila Aging Core of the Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Biology of Aging funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Science Foundation.

Journal citation: DOI:10.1242/jeb.064980

About U-M’s Institute of Gerontology: The U-M Institute of Gerontology is one of the oldest and most highly regarded academic programs of its kind. Operating as the research arm of the U-M Geriatrics Center, the IoG is a major resource in studying the aging process and is home to a world-class faculty.