Animal Factory Pollution: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

CAFOs are massive animal factories that house thousands of livestock in close quarters, and that produce as much untreated sewage as cities.  Animal factories are  increasing in number throughout Michigan's countryside, they're often inappropriately placed, and often designed to pollute.  Sierra Club has led the fight to protect the health and economic well-being of Michigan's rural communities by working for more stringent regulation, to bring these operations under the same kinds of environmental and health regulations as all other industries.

For more information see Facts about CAFOs.

Living a Nightmare: Animal Factories in Michigan, produced by Future Media Corporation of Okemos, Michigan.   

The journal Environmental Health Perspectives presented a series of articles over several months in 2006 and 2007 about concentrated animal feeding operations and their impacts.  You can read the articles free online. 

• Thorne PS, 2006 Environmental Health Impacts of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Anticipating Hazards—Searching for Solutions. Environ Health Perspect 115(2): doi:10.1289/ehp.8831   ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8831

• Heederik D,  Sigsgaard T,  Thorne PS,  Kline JN,  Avery R,  et al. 2006 Health Effects of Airborne Exposures from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Environ Health Perspect 115(2): doi:10.1289/ehp.8835 ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8835
  

• Bunton B,  O’Shaughnessy P,  Fitzsimmons S,  Gering J,  Hoff S,  et al. 2006 Monitoring and Modeling of Emissions from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: Overview of Methods.  Environ Health Perspect 115(2): doi:10.1289/ehp.8838 ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8838
  

• Iowa State University and The University of Iowa Study Group, February 2002;  Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Air Quality Study, Environmental Health Sciences Research Center, 100 Oakdale Campus, #178 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242  www.ehsrc.uiowa.edu/cafo_air_quality_study.html

• Burkholder J,  Libra B,  Weyer P,  Heathcote S,  Kolpin D,  et al. 2006 Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality. Environ Health Perspect 115(2): doi:10.1289/ehp.8839   ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8839
  

• Donham KJ,  Wing S,  Osterberg D,  Flora JL,  Hodne C,  et al. 2006 Community Health and Socioeconomic Issues Surrounding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Environ Health Perspect 115(2): doi:10.1289/ehp.8836  ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8836
  

• Thu, KM (2002). Public Health Concerns for Neighbors of Large-Scale Swine Production Operations. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health; Vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 175-184. Country: United Stateswww.prairieswine.com/public-health-concerns-for-neighbors-of-large-scale-swine-production-operations

• Gilchrist MJ,  Greko C,  Wallinga DB,  Beran GW,  Riley DG,  et al. 2006 The Potential Role of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations in Infectious Disease Epidemics and Antibiotic Resistance. Environ Health Perspect 115(2): doi:10.1289/ehp.8837  ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8837

CAFOs house hundreds to thousands of animals in massive buildings almost year round. Their raw liquified sewage is 25- 100 times more concentrated than human sewage, plus has milk house waste, blood, dead animals, sanitizing and other chemicals mixed in, all of it stored in an open pit that holds millions of gallons.  When the disgusting mix is spread on farm fields for disposal as crop fertilizer, it often washes off the fields with rain, or right through the soil into field tiles that drain into streams and rivers, contaminating drinking water intakes, threatening recreational users and harming fish and other wildlife. (See Anatomy of an Animal Factory.) 

The Sierra Club has been testing surface waters polluted by CAFO runoff for many years.  Over and over again, we've found evidence of manure pollution, which we've provided to the MDNRE (was MDEQ) so they could properly investigate the pollution source, and enforce the law.  

Groundwater contamination is also a risk, from nitrates or pathogens like E. coli that move downward into aquifers with the filthy water.  The main problem here is that no one is monitoring the water to make sure it's not been contaminated by animal waste.

Air pollution from the animal factories comes from the barns, the sewage pits and from spreading the wastes on fields.  Irrigators spray untreated wastes through overhead pipes, aerosolizing the liquid and bacteria.  Children and the elderly in particular suffer from  exposure to hydrogen sulfide gas, ammonia, and particulate matter that can carry bacteria or other pathogens right into the lungs of neighbors.  See this study by Iowa State University and the University of Iowa "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Air Quality Study".

Animal factories hurt small farmers who can't compete with the huge corporate-owned operations, partly because the huge operations get the lion's share of tax supported federal agriculture subsidies.  Mega-dairies often earn a premium on their milk because a milk-hauler needs to make fewer stops to fill their tanks, leaving smaller producers out in the cold.  Add to this that animal factories often surround smaller farms, so the smaller farms are harmed by the same water, air, and land pollution as non-farming residents.  There's no escape. 

No one wants to buy a home near an animal factory, so CAFO-neighbors find themselves unable to sell, with property values dropping as much as 70% after animal factories move in.  In "Community Health and Socioeconomic Issues Surrounding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations", a "workgroup evaluated impacts of the proliferation of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) on sustaining the health of rural communities. Recommended policy changes include a more stringent process for issuing permits for CAFOs, considering bonding for manure storage basins, limiting animal density per watershed, enhancing local control, and mandating environmental impact statements."  (Environ Health Perspect. 2007 February; 115(2): 317–320., Published online 2006 November 14. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8836. PMCID: PMC1817697)

Michigan needs strong pollution prevention laws that specifically pertain to CAFOs. Until such laws are passed, Michigan should not encourage or allow the establishment of new Animal Factories.

Permits must spell out operating standards and include a comprehensive waste handling plan for each facility. Air and water quality monitoring, and regular inspections should be conducted to ensure permit requirements are met. State and local governments must be able to establish more comprehensive guidelines for Animal Factory waste disposal to meet the needs of unique landscape, rainfall, climate and population factors specific to their communities.

Local governments should have the right to make land use decisions regarding location of CAFOs, particularly near surface waters, schools, homes or other areas where high potential for human health impacts exist.  Animal waste land-applicators should be getting permits and following guidelines very similar to biosolids applicators.

You can contact your Legislator to ensure he/she is aware of the issue and the potential damage CAFO operations can do to the state's air and water.  Become a Sierra Club Legislative Watchdog or contact Anne Woiwode, Chapter Director, for current information on the legislative issues.

There are several avenues of assistance.  See the Sierra Club's webpage Stopping CAFO Pollution.  For information about pending CAFO water discharge permits see the MDNRE website.  You can help monitor streams around CAFOs and comment on proposed permits for new or existing CAFOs.  Contact Lynn Henning, Sierra Club's Michigan CAFO Water Sentinel, to find out how.  Lynn and her husband Dean are family farmers working land that has been in the Henning family for four generations.

Eight years ago, when the first of the 12 concentrated animal feeding operations in the Hudson area of Michigan set up next door to her family’s farm, Lynn joined with other residents to form Environmentally Concerned Citizens of South Central Michigan to do water monitoring and to protect their homes, their health, and their way of life. Lynn became part of the Sierra Club Water Sentinels team as a volunteer, and in January 2005 came on staff as the Michigan Chapter’s CAFO Water Sentinel. Lynn was awarded The Goldman Environmental Prize for North America in 2010 for her work.