David Chiang and I ran a Scientific Communication
Workshop at ISI (Spring 2013).
USC/Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, (310) 448-8716, e-mail:
Senior Research Scientist and Fellow, Information Sciences Institute (ISI).
Research Professor in the Department of Computer Science of the University of Southern California.
Research interests include: artificial intelligence, natural language processing, machine translation, machine learning, automata theory, decipherment.
My publications. My vita.
If you don't want to read this whole page, here's a quick summary.
I'm involved in natural language research at USC/ISI, where we have lots of projects and seminars. How to organize the natural language seminar.
I think our approach to syntax in machine translation is best described in D. Barthelme's short story They called for more structure.... We are now actively working on semantics. Here are guidelines we use to translate English into our Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR).
"Bayesian Inference with Tears" Get tutorial workbook in PDF.
The Copiale cipher.
You can download Tiburon, a tree toolkit developed by Jonathan May. Check it out. You can also download Jonathan Graehl's very fine finite-state string toolkit Carmel. See this training manual for a description of software that implements a generic form of Bayesian learning for finite-state machines.
The outside of my laptop.
Richard Sproat and I gave a NAACL-09 tutorial on writing systems, transliteration, and decipherment. Check out these slides from a separate talk I gave on the Voynich Manuscript. There are now some newer (2009) experiments at the end.
I co-teach USC's
CS562
(Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing)
and
CS599
(Machine Translation).
David Chiang and I ran a Scientific Communication
Workshop at ISI (Spring 2013).
I was asked to run for a position in my professional association. A bogus platform somehow circulated, which I completely repudiated. Once elected, though, I felt strangely compelled to implement it.
I recently said this out loud: "I want a four-door convertible like the one Lincoln was assassinated in."
The best grade I ever got was "better than expected".
Give me an E.
I have been fortunate to work with great students. PhD graduates include: Steve DeNeefe (thesis on adjoining for MT), Sujith Ravi (thesis on decipherment), Jonathan May (thesis on tree automata for NLP), Yaser Al-Onaizan (thesis on named-entity translation), Kenji Yamada (thesis on syntax-based MT), Irene Langkilde-Geary (thesis on language generation), Philipp Koehn (thesis on noun phrase translation), and Ishwar Chander (thesis on statistical article generation). I co-advised PhD theses from Victoria Fossum, Shou-de Lin and Liang Huang, and I supervised Bryant Huang's Masters thesis on syntax-structuring for translation.
I recently went to Denmark. Here's me in Denmark.
Here's a story called Little House on the West Bank. No matter how readers interpret the text, my favorite part is still where the baby throws up on the mom. And here's a gruesome fairy tale for you.
Here is a slide show that explains the global situation to American people.
I'm possibly the least-skilled person at drawing ever to get paid for it, for example: actual conversations ... strange things ... parking structures ... werld maps. Some fortune-telling cards.
A machine translation glossary for those in the field.
Don't click here.
I wrote a book for little kids, and another book for big kids.
I used to be an Amber freak, a long time ago, and kept myself amused. Since then, three of my favorite writers are Philip K. Dick, Jack Womack, and Jim Thompson. I've read Thompson's Pop 1280 quite a few times -- that is a god-danged good book. Other favorites: A Scanner Darkly, Man in the High Castle, Confessions of a Crap Artist, Puttering about in a Small Land, Now Wait for Last Year, The Penultimate Truth, Ambient, Terraplane, Heathern, Elvissey, Random Acts of Senseless Violence, and Let's Put the Future Behind Us. I like also Don Delillo, David Lodge, Kurt Vonnegut, and J. D. Salinger. Seems like the first couple of books are always better than all the rest. I like Bob Dylan's music and found his autobiography (Chronicles, Vol. 1) strangely similar Neil Armstrong's biography (First Man). Other books: Tao Te Ching, and Benjamin Tucker's Instead of a Book. I think Gary Shteyngart is funny.
My Dan Klein number is 1.
No arrests were made in 2012. Came closest on a mountain with lights.
2013
"Curating and Contextualizing Twitter Stories to Assist with Social Newsgathering," (A. Zubiaga, H. Ji, and K. Knight), Proc. IUI, 2013. Get paper in PDF.2012
"Semantics-Based Machine Translation with Hyperedge Replacement Grammars," (B. Jones, J. Andreas, D. Bauer, K-M. Hermann, and K. Knight), Proc. COLING, 2012. Get paper in PDF.
"Towards Probabilistic Acceptors and Transducers for Feature Structures," (D. Quernheim and K. Knight), Proc. ACL SSST Workshop, 2012. Get paper in PDF.
"DAGGER: A Toolkit for Automata on Directed Acyclic Graphs," (D. Quernheim and K. Knight), Proc. FSMNLP, 2012. Get paper in PDF.
"Large Scale Decipherment for Out-of-Domain Machine Translation," (Q. Dou and K. Knight), Proc. EMNLP, 2012. Get paper in PDF.
"Decoding Running Key Ciphers," (S. Reddy and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, Short Paper, 2012. Get paper in PDF.
"The Secrets of the Copiale Cipher," (K. Knight, B. Megyesi, and C. Schaefer), Journal of Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism, 2(2), 2012.
2011
"Deciphering Foreign Language," (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2011. Get paper in PDF.
"Bayesian Inference for Zodiac and Other Homophonic Ciphers," (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2011. Get paper in PDF.
"Unsupervised Discovery of Rhyme Schemes," (S. Reddy and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2011. Get paper in PDF.
"What We Know About the Voynich Manuscript," (S. Reddy and K. Knight), Proc. ACL Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH), 2011. Get paper in PDF.
"The Copiale Cipher," (K. Knight, B. Megyesi, and C. Schaefer), part of invited talk at ACL Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora (BUCC), 2011. Get paper in PDF.
2010
"Automatic Analysis of Rhythmic Poetry with Applications to Generation and Translation", (E. Greene, T. Bodrumlu, and K. Knight), Proc. EMNLP, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Re-Structuring, Re-Labeling, and Re-Aligning for Syntax-Based Statistical Machine Translation", (W. Wang, J. May, K. Knight, and D. Marcu), Computational Linguistics, 36(2), 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"A Decoder for Probabilistic Synchronous Tree Insertion Grammars", (S. DeNeefe, K. Knight, and H. Vogler), Proc. ACL Workshop on Applications of Tree Automata in Natural Language Processing, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Fast, Greedy Model Minimization for Unsupervised Tagging", (S. Ravi, A. Vaswani, K. Knight, and D. Chiang), Proc. COLING, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Does GIZA++ Make Search Errors?", (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Computational Linguistics, Squibs & Discussion, 36(3), 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Unsupervised Syntactic Alignment with Inversion Transduction Grammars", (A. Pauls, D. Klein, D. Chiang, and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Bayesian Inference for Finite-State Transducers", (D. Chiang, J. Graehl, K. Knight, A. Pauls, and S. Ravi), Proc. NAACL, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Minimized Models and Grammar-Informed Initialization for Supertagging with Highly Ambiguous Lexicons", (S. Ravi, J. Baldridge, and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"Efficient Inference through Cascades of Weighted Tree Transducers", (J. May, K. Knight, and H. Vogler), Proc. ACL, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
"A Statistical Model for Lost Language Decipherment", (B. Snyder, R. Barzilay, and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2010. Get paper in PDF.
2009
"Bayesian Inference with Tears", Get tutorial workbook in PDF.
"Binarization of Synchronous Context-Free Grammars", (L. Huang, H. Zhang, D. Gildea, and K. Knight), Computational Linguistics, 35(4), 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Synchronous Tree Adjoining Machine Translation", (S. DeNeefe and K. Knight), Proc. EMNLP, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Minimized Models for Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging", (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Fast Consensus Decoding over Translation Forests", (J. DeNero, D. Chiang, and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Learning Phoneme Mappings for Transliteration without Parallel Data", (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"11,001 New Features for Statistical Machine Translation", (D. Chiang, K. Knight, and W. Wang), Proc. NAACL, 2009. Best Paper Award. Get paper in PDF.
"Combining Constituent Parsers", (V. Fossum and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL (short paper), 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Faster MT Decoding through Pervasive Laziness", (M. Pust and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL (short paper), 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"A New Objective Function for Word Alignment", (T. Bodrumlu, K. Knight, and S. Ravi), Proc. NAACL Workshop on Integer Linear Programming for NLP, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"The Power of Extended Top-Down Tree Transducers", (A. Maletti, J. Graehl, M. Hopkins, and K. Knight), SIAM J. Comput. 39(2), pp. 410-430, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Probabilistic Methods for a Japanese Syllable Cipher", (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Proc. International Conference on the Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
"Applications of Weighted Automata in Natural Language Processing", (K. Knight and J. May), Handbook of Weighted Automata (M. Droste, W. Kuich, H. Vogler, eds.), 2009.
"Attacking Decipherment Problems Optimally with Low-Order N-gram Models", (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Cryptologia, 33(4), pp. 321-334, 2009. Get paper in PDF.
2008
"Training Tree Transducers", (J. Graehl, K. Knight, and J. May), Computational Linguistics, 34(3), 2008. Get paper in PDF.
"Using Syntax to Improve Word Alignment Precision for Syntax-Based Machine Translation", (V. Fossum, K. Knight, and S. Abney), Proc. Workshop on Statistical MT, ACL, 2008. Get paper in PDF.
"Name Translation in Statistical Machine Translation: Learning When to Transliterate", (U. Hermjakob, K. Knight, and H. Daume III), Proc. ACL, 2008. Get paper in PDF.
"Attacking Decipherment Problems Optimally with Low-Order N-gram Models", (S. Ravi and K. Knight), Proc. EMNLP, 2008. Get paper in PDF.
"Automatic Prediction of Parser Accuracy", (S. Ravi, K. Knight, and R. Soricut), Proc. EMNLP, 2008. Get paper in PDF.
"Overcoming Vocabulary Sparsity in MT Using Lattices", (S. DeNeefe, U. Hermjakob, and K. Knight), Proc. AMTA, 2008. Get paper in PDF.
"Using Bilingual Chinese-English Word Alignments to Resolve PP-Attachment Ambiguity in English", (V. Fossum and K. Knight), Proc. AMTA (student session), 2008. Get paper in PDF.
2007
"Capturing Practical Natural Language Transformations", (K. Knight), Machine Translation, 21(2), 2007. Get draft in PDF. The complete publication is available at www.springerlink.com.
"Syntactic Re-Alignment Models for Machine Translation", (J. May and K. Knight), Proc. EMNLP-CoNLL, 2007. Get paper in PDF.
"What Can Syntax-Based MT Learn from Phrase-Based MT?", (S. DeNeefe, K. Knight, W. Wang, D. Marcu), Proc. EMNLP-CoNLL, 2007. Get paper in PDF.
"Binarizing Syntax Trees to Improve Syntax-Based Machine Translation Accuracy", (W. Wang, K. Knight and D. Marcu), Proc. EMNLP-CoNLL, 2007. Get paper in PDF.
2006
"Statistical Syntax-Directed Translation with Extended Domain of Locality", (L. Huang, K. Knight, A. Joshi), Proc. AMTA (poster), 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Tiburon: A Weighted Tree Automata Toolkit", (J. May and K. Knight), Proc. International Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata (CIAA), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer), v. 4094/2006, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Building an English-Iraqi Arabic Machine Translation System for Spoken Utterances with Limited Resources", (J. Riesa, B. Mohit, K. Knight, D. Marcu), Proc. Interspeech, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Unsupervised Analysis for Decipherment Problems", (K. Knight, A. Nair, N. Rathod, and K. Yamada), Proc. ACL-COLING (poster), 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Models", (M. Galley, J. Graehl, K. Knight, D. Marcu, S. DeNeefe, W. Wang, and I. Thayer), Proc. ACL-COLING, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Discovering the Linear Writing Order of a Two-Dimensional Ancient Hieroglyphic Script", (Shou-de Lin and Kevin Knight), Artificial Intelligence, volume 170(4-5), 2006. Get draft in PDF.
"A Better N-Best List: Practical Determinization of Weighted Finite Tree Automata", (J. May and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Capitalizing Machine Translation", (W. Wang, K. Knight, D. Marcu), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translation", (H. Zhang, L. Huang, D. Gildea, K. Knight), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
"Relabeling Syntax Trees to Improve Syntax-Based Machine Translation Quality", (B. Huang and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2006. Get paper in PDF.
2005
"Transonics: A Practical Speech-to-Speech Translator for English-Farsi Medical Dialogs", (Robert Belvin, Emil Ettelaie, Sudeep Gandhe, Panayiotis Georgiou, Kevin Knight, Daniel Marcu, Scott Millward, Shrikanth Narayanan, Howard Neely, David Traum), Proc. ACL poster/demo, 2005.
"Interactively Exploring a Machine Translation Model", (Steve DeNeefe, Kevin Knight, and Hayward H. Chan), Proc. ACL poster/demo, 2005. Get paper in PDF.
"Machine Translation in the Year 2004", (K. Knight, D. Marcu), Proc. ICASSP, 2005. Get paper in PDF.
"An Overview of Probabilistic Tree Transducers for Natural Language Processing", (K. Knight, J. Graehl), Proc. of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLing), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, copyright Springer Verlag, 2005. Get paper in PDF.
2004
"Text Simplification for Information Seeking Applications", (B. Beigman Klebanov, K. Knight, D. Marcu), In: On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems, eds. R. Meersman and Z. Tari, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (3290), copyright Springer Verlag, 2004.
"What's in a Translation Rule?", (M. Galley, M. Hopkins, K. Knight, D. Marcu), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2004. Get paper in PDF.
"Training Tree Transducers", (J. Graehl, K. Knight), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2004. Get paper in PDF.
"The Transonics Spoken Dialogue Translator: An Aid for English-Persian Doctor-Patient Interviews", (S. Narayanan, S. Ananthakrishnan, R. Belvin, E. Ettaile, S. Gandhe, S. Ganjavi, P. G. Georgiou, C. M. Hein, S. Kadambe, K. Knight, D. Marcu, H. E. Neely, N. Srinivasamurthy, D. Traum, and D. Wang), AAAI Fall Symposium, 2004.
2003
"Syntax-based Language Models for Machine Translation", (E. Charniak, K. Knight, and K. Yamada), Proc. MT Summit IX, 2003. Get paper in PDF.
"Feature-Rich Statistical Translation of Noun Phrases", (P. Koehn and K. Knight), Proc. ACL, 2003. Get paper in PDF.
"Syntax-based Alignment of Multiple Translations: Extracting Paraphrases and Generating New Sentences", (B. Pang, K. Knight, and D. Marcu), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2003. Get paper in PDF.
"Transonics: A Speech to Speech System for English-Persian Interactions", (S. Narayanan, S. Ananthakrishnan, R. Belvin, E. Ettaile, S. Ganjavi, P. Georgiou, C. Hein, S. Kadambe, K. Knight, D. Marcu, H. Neely, N. Srinivasamurthy, D. Traum, and D. Wang), Proc. IEEE ASRU, 2003.
"Finding the WRITE Stuff: Automatic Identification of Discourse Structure in Student Essays", (J. Burstein, D. Marcu, and K. Knight), IEEE Intelligent Systems, Jan/Feb, 2003.
"Translation with Scarce Bilingual Resources", (Y. Al-Onaizan, U. Germann, U. Hermjakob, K. Knight, P. Koehn, D. Marcu, K. Yamada), Machine Translation, 2003.
"Fast Decoding and Optimal Decoding for Machine Translation", (U. Germann, M. Jahr, K. Knight, D. Marcu, and K. Yamada), Artificial Intelligence, 2003.
"Teaching Statistical Machine Translation", (K. Knight), Proc. MT Summit IX Workshop on Teaching Machine Translation, 2003. Get paper in PDF.
"Cognates Can Improve Statistical Translation Models", (G. Kondrak, D. Marcu, and K. Knight), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2003. Get paper in PDF.
"Desperately Seeking Cebuano", (Douglas W. Oard, David Doermann, Bonnie Dorr, Daqing He, Philip Resnik, Amy Weinberg, William Byrne, Sanjeev Khudanpur, David Yarowsky, Anton Leuski, Philipp Koehn, and Kevin Knight), Proc. NAACL-HLT, 2003.
2002
"Using a Large Monolingual Corpus to Improve Translation Accuracy", (R. Soricut, K. Knight, and D. Marcu), Proceedings of the 6th AMTA Conference, 2002.
"Learning a Translation Lexicon from Monolingual Corpora", (P. Koehn and K. Knight), Proc. of ACL Workshop on Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition, 2002. Get paper in PDF.
"Summarization Beyond Sentence Extraction: A Probabilistic Approach to Sentence Compression", (K. Knight and D. Marcu), Artificial Intelligence, 139(1), 2002.
"Named Entity Translation: Extended Abstract", (Y. Al-Onaizan and K. Knight), Proc. HLT, 2002. Get paper in Postscript.
"Translating Named Entities Using Monolingual and Bilingual Resources", (Y. Al-Onaizan and K. Knight), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2002. Get paper in PDF.
"Machine Transliteration of Names in Arabic Text", (Y. Al-Onaizan and K. Knight), Proc. of ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages, 2002. Get paper in PDF.
"A Decoder for Syntax-Based Statistical MT", (K. Yamada and K. Knight), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2002. Get paper in PDF.
2001
"A Syntax-Based Statistical Translation Model", (K. Yamada and K. Knight), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2001. Get paper in PDF.
"Fast Decoding and Optimal Decoding for Machine Translation", (U. Germann, M. Jahr, K. Knight, D. Marcu, and K. Yamada), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2001. Best Paper Award. Get paper in PDF.
"Knowledge Sources for Word-Level Translation Models", (P. Koehn and K. Knight), Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing conference (EMNLP), 2001. Get paper in PDF.
2000
"Translating with Scarce Resources", (Y. Al-Onaizan, U. Germann, U. Hermjakob, K. Knight, P. Koehn, D. Marcu, K. Yamada), National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 2000. Get paper in PDF.
"Preserving Ambiguities in Generation via Automata Intersection", (K. Knight and I. Langkilde), National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 2000. Get paper in PDF.
"Estimating Word Translation Probabilities from Unrelated Monolingual Corpora Using the EM Algorithm", (P. Koehn and K. Knight), National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 2000. Get paper in PDF.
"Statistics-Based Summarization --- Step One: Sentence Compression", (K. Knight and D. Marcu), National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 2000. Outstanding Paper Award. Get paper in PDF.
1999
"Decoding Complexity in Word-Replacement Translation Models", Computational Linguistics, Squibs & Discussion, 25(4), 1999. Get paper in PDF.
"Mining Online Text", Communications of the ACM, 42(11), November 1999.
"A Statistical MT Tutorial Workbook," unpublished, August 1999. Get paper in PDF. Get pretty version from Richard Wicentowski in PDF. Get paper in Word.
"A Computational Approach to Deciphering Unknown Scripts", (K. Knight and K. Yamada), Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing, 1999. Get paper in PDF.
1998
"Machine Transliteration", (K. Knight and J. Graehl), Computational Linguistics, 24(4), 1998. Get paper in PDF.
"Translation with Finite-State Devices," (K. Knight and Y. Al-Onaizan), Proceedings of the 4th AMTA Conference, 1998. Get paper in PostScript.
"Generation that Exploits Corpus-based Statistical Knowledge", (I. Langkilde and K. Knight), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING/ACL), 1998. Get paper in PDF.
"Translating Names and Technical Terms in Arabic Text", (B. Stalls and K. Knight), Proc of the COLING/ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages, 1998. Get paper in PDF.
"The Practical Value of N-Grams in Generation", (I. Langkilde and K. Knight), Proc. of the International Natural Language Generation Workshop, 1998. Get paper in PDF.
1997
"Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Machine Translation", AI Magazine 18(4), 1997. Get paper in PDF.
"Machine Transliteration", (K. Knight and J. Graehl), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 1997. Get paper in PDF.
1996
"It's Time for Your Evaluation", special section, What Makes a Compelling Empirical Evaluation in AI, IEEE Expert, 11(5), 1996.
"Learning Word Meanings by Instruction", Proc. of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 1996. Get paper in PDF.
1995
"Two-Level, Many-Paths Generation", (K. Knight and V. Hatzivassiloglou), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 1995. Get paper in PDF.
"Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage MT System", (K. Knight, I. Chander, M. Haines, V. Hatzivassiloglou, E. Hovy, M. Iida, S. K. Luk, R. Whitney, and K. Yamada), Proc. of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 1995. Get paper in PostScript.
"Unification-Based Glossing", (V. Hatzivassiloglou and K. Knight), Proc. of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 1995. Get paper in PostScript.
1994/earlier
"Integrating Knowledge Bases and Statistics in MT", (K. Knight, I. Chander, M. Haines, V. Hatzivassiloglou, E. Hovy, M. Iida, S. Luk, A. Okumura, R. Whitney, K. Yamada), Proc. of the Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA), 1994. Get paper in PostScript.
"Building a Large-Scale Knowledge Base for Machine Translation", (K. Knight and S. Luk), Proc. of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 1994. Get paper in PDF.
"Automated Postediting of Documents", (K. Knight and I. Chander), Proc. of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), 1994. Get paper in PDF.
"Are Many Reactive Agents Better Than a Few Deliberative Ones?" Proc. of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 1993.
"Unification", The Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
"Integrating Knowledge Acquisition and Language Acquisition", Applied Intelligence, 1(1), 1992.
Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition (E. Rich and K. Knight), McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1991.
"Connectionist Ideas and Algorithms", Communications of the ACM, 33(11), November, 1990. Get paper in PDF.
"Knowledge and Natural Language Processing", (J. Barnett, K. Knight, I. Mani, and E. Rich), Communications of the ACM, 33(8), August, 1990.
"Unification: A Multidisciplinary Survey,", ACM Computing Surveys, 21(1), 1989. Get paper in PDF.