- Science Toys
- Magnetism
- Magnetorheological fluids
- A Curie-effect heat engine
- A magnet in mid-air
- Pyrolytic graphite in mid-air
- The Gauss Rifle: A Magnetic Linear Accelerator
- A Magnetic Ring Launcher
- Electromagnetism
- An electric motor in 10 minutes
- The single brush motor
- A bigger motor
- The double brush improvement
- The 10 minute motor with no magnet
- Notes about electricity
- Fun with High Voltage
- A high voltage motor in 5 minutes
- A rotary high voltage motor
- A simple homemade Van de Graaff generator
- A high voltage ion motor
- A 10 minute railgun
- A 30 second motor
- Listening to magnetism
- Electrochemistry
- A plastic hydrogen bomb
- Building your own solar battery.
- A flat panel solar battery.
- Building a Hydrogen Fuel Cell.
- Homemade Batteries.
- Collecting Chemical Elements.
- Radio
- A quick and simple radio
- Building a radio in 10 minutes
- A radio out of household items
- A simple AM transmitter
- The Three-Penny Radio
- A Portable Crystal Radio
- Thermodynamics
- Simple heat engines
- World's simplest steam boat
- A simple rotary steam engine
- A simple rocket engine
- A bimetal strip heat engine
- A Film Can Cannon
- A metal that melts in hot water
- A room temperature liquid metal alloy
- A simple solar powered heat engine
- Homemade Ice Cream Maker
- Aerodynamics
- A Bernoulli levitation ball
- A Homemade Vacuum Pump
- A Classic Propellor Toy
- Light and optics
- Simple laser communicator
- Make your own 3D pictures
- Making permanent rainbows.
- A solar powered marshmallow roaster
- Make a spectroscope from a CD.
- The impossible kaleidoscope
- Make a solar hotdog cooker
- Exploring invisible light
- A high resolution spectrograph.
- Time-lapse photography.
- High speed photography.
- Stacking photos for high depth of field.
- Biology
- Extracting DNA in your kitchen
- Photography through the microscope
- Video through the microscope
- Listening to Electric Fish
- Using a video camera as a microscope
- Mathematics
- Kaleidocycles
- A Geodesic Dome
- A Homemade Microgram Balance
- Computers and Electronics
- A Computer Controlled Transmitter
- A Free Space Laser Data Transmitter
- Fun With Solderless Breadboards
- A Simple 1 Watt Amplifier
- An integrated circuit Amplifier
- Build a digital thermometer
A motor in 10 minutes
Back in the 1960's my father taught me how to make the little
electric motor we will make here. Sometime in the 1980's I saw
a description of it in the magazine "Physics Teacher". Lately
I have seen it described as Beakman's motor, after the science
oriented TV show on which it recently appeared.
The motor is simply a battery, a magnet, and a small coil of
wire you make yourself. There is a secret to making it (which
I will of course share with you) which is at the same time
clever and delightfully simple.
What you will need:
- A battery holder, such as Radio Shack #270-402 (holds a "C" cell)
or #270-403 (holds a "D" cell).
- A battery to fit the holder.
- A magnet such as Radio Shack #64-1877, #64-1895, #64-1883, #64-1879,
or #64-1888.
- Some magnet wire such as Radio Shack #278-1345. We want enamel
coated 22 gauge (or thicker) wire. We will only need about a yard of
wire, so the Radio Shack package will make a dozen motors or more.
- Some heavier wire such as Radio Shack #278-1217 or #278-1216. We want
bare wire of 18 or 20 gauge, so we will be removing the plastic insulation
from the wires listed above. We will need less than a foot of
this wire per motor.
A quicky motor
We start by winding the
armature, the part of the motor that moves.
To make the armature nice and round, we wind it on a cylindrical coil form,
such as a ball point pen or a small AAA battery. The diameter is not critical,
but should be related to the wire size. Thin wire requires a small form,
thick wire requires a larger form.
Leaving a couple of inches of wire free at one end, wind 25 or 30 turns
arounf the coil form. Don't try to be neat, a little randomness will
help the bundle keep its shape better. The coil will end up looking
like the photo below:
Now carefully pull the coil off of the form, holding the wire so it
doesn't spring out of shape.
To make the coil hold its shape permanently,
we will wrap each free end of the wire around the coil a couple of times,
making sure that the new binding turns are exactly opposite each other,
so the coil can turn easily on the axis formed by the two free ends of wire,
like a wheel.
It is not necessary, but I usually wrap a couple turns
around these binding turns as well, threading the wire into the space
between the large coil and the small coils that hold it together. This makes
for a neat, tight package, as in the photo below:
If this method of holding the coil together is too difficult, feel free to
use scotch tape or electrical tape to do the job. The important thing is
to keep the coil together, and to have the two ends of the wire anchored
well, and aligned in a straight line, so they form a good axle.
Now is where the secret trick comes in, the thing that makes the motor
work. It is a secret trick because it is a small and subtle thing, and
is very hard to see when the motor is running. Even people who know a
lot about motors may be puzzled until they examine it closely and find the
secret.
Hold the coil at the edge of a table, so the coil is staight up and down
(not flat on the table), and one of the free wire ends is lying flat on the
table. With a sharp knife, remove the top half of the insulation from the
free wire end. Be careful to leave the bottom half of the wire with the
enamel insulation intact. The top half of the wire will be shiny bare copper,
and the bottom half will be the color of the insulation. A quick sketch
may help:
Do the same thing to the other free wire end, making sure that the shiny
bare copper side is facing up on both wire ends.
The idea behind the trick is that the armature is going to rest on two
supports made of bare wire. These supports will be attached to each
end of the battery, so electricity can flow from one support into the
armature and back through the other support to the battery. But this
will only happen when the bare half of the wire is facing down, touching
the supports. When the bare copper half is facing up, the insulated
half is touching the supports, and no current can flow.
The next step is to make the axle supports. These are simple loops of wire
that hold up the armature and allow it to spin. They are made of bare wire,
since they will also act to get electricity to the armature.
Take a stiff piece of bare wire (copper or brass will work, as will a
straightened paper clip) and bend it around a small nail to make a loop
in the middle, as shown in the photo below. Do the same to another
wire, so you have two supports.
The base for this first motor will be the battery holder.
It makes a nice base because it is heavy when the battery is installed
(so the motor won't wobble) and because it has convenient holes in the
plastic where we can attach the bare wire armature supports.
Attach the support wires securely to the battery holder by winding the
free ends several times through the small holes in the plastic at each
end. Bend the support wires so the rings are just far enough apart for
the armature to spin freely. Bend them apart a little and insert the
armature into both rings, then bend them back so they are close to the
coil, but not touching it.
Insert the battery into the holder.
Place the magnet on top of the battery holder just underneath the coil.
Make sure the coil can still spin freely, and that it just misses the
magnet.
The finished motor looks like this:
Note that there is a strip of paper stuck in between the battery and the
electrical contact in the holder. This is the on/off switch. Remove the
paper to allow electricity to flow into the motor, and replace the paper
when you want to stop the motor and save the battery.
Spin the armature gently to get the motor started. If it doesn't start,
try spinning it in the other direction. The motor will only spin in one
direction.
If the motor still doesn't start, carefully check all the
electrical connections. Is the battery connected so one support touches
the positive end of the battery, and the other touches the negative end?
Is the bare copper half of the armature wire touching the bare support
wires at the bottom, and only at the bottom? Is the armature freely
spinning?
If all these things are correct, your little motor should be spinning
around at a pretty fast rate. Try holding it upside down. The motor
should spin in the opposite direction if the magnet is on top instead
of on the bottom. Try turning the magnet upside down and see which
direction the motor spins. If you want a motor that has the magnet on
the side instead of the top or bottom, you can simply make a new
armature, but this time lay the coil flat on the table when you scrape the
insulation off of the top half of the free wire ends.
Bigger and faster motors
For more information on electromagnetism, see the
Recommended Reading
section.
Order super magnets
here.
Del.icio.us
- Science Toys
- Magnetism
- Magnetorheological fluids
- A Curie-effect heat engine
- A magnet in mid-air
- Pyrolytic graphite in mid-air
- The Gauss Rifle: A Magnetic Linear Accelerator
- A Magnetic Ring Launcher
- Electromagnetism
- An electric motor in 10 minutes
- The single brush motor
- A bigger motor
- The double brush improvement
- The 10 minute motor with no magnet
- Notes about electricity
- Fun with High Voltage
- A high voltage motor in 5 minutes
- A rotary high voltage motor
- A simple homemade Van de Graaff generator
- A high voltage ion motor
- A 10 minute railgun
- A 30 second motor
- Listening to magnetism
- Electrochemistry
- A plastic hydrogen bomb
- Building your own solar battery.
- A flat panel solar battery.
- Building a Hydrogen Fuel Cell.
- Homemade Batteries.
- Collecting Chemical Elements.
- Radio
- A quick and simple radio
- Building a radio in 10 minutes
- A radio out of household items
- A simple AM transmitter
- The Three-Penny Radio
- A Portable Crystal Radio
- Thermodynamics
- Simple heat engines
- World's simplest steam boat
- A simple rotary steam engine
- A simple rocket engine
- A bimetal strip heat engine
- A Film Can Cannon
- A metal that melts in hot water
- A room temperature liquid metal alloy
- A simple solar powered heat engine
- Homemade Ice Cream Maker
- Aerodynamics
- A Bernoulli levitation ball
- A Homemade Vacuum Pump
- A Classic Propellor Toy
- Light and optics
- Simple laser communicator
- Make your own 3D pictures
- Making permanent rainbows.
- A solar powered marshmallow roaster
- Make a spectroscope from a CD.
- The impossible kaleidoscope
- Make a solar hotdog cooker
- Exploring invisible light
- A high resolution spectrograph.
- Time-lapse photography.
- High speed photography.
- Stacking photos for high depth of field.
- Biology
- Photography through the microscope
- Video through the microscope
- Listening to Electric Fish
- Using a video camera as a microscope
- Mathematics
- Kaleidocycles
- A Geodesic Dome
- A Homemade Microgram Balance
- Computers and Electronics
- A Computer Controlled Transmitter
- A Free Space Laser Data Transmitter
- Fun With Solderless Breadboards
- A Simple 1 Watt Amplifier
- An integrated circuit Amplifier
- Build a digital thermometer
Some of my other web sites:
- Your Mother was a Chemist: Science in the Kitchen
- Ingredients: What's in the Stuff We Buy?
- Toying With Science: My Science Blog
Send mail to
Simon Quellen Field
via
sfield@scitoys.com
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