Whether it is a ballad, a hill-billy, a swing number, a novelty song, a marching song or a comedy number, the popular song has that special something which makes people forget their troubles and cares. —“Tips on Popular Singing,” p.4
In 1941, the Embassy Music Corporation printed “Tips on Popular Singing by Frank Sinatra,”1 a short text—little more than a pamphlet, really—by the singer and his coach, John Quinlan. “Everyone can sing a little,” the manual insists, assuring its reader that “the popular vocalist who has had voice training, beyond a few simple exercises, is the exception rather than the rule.”
Sinatra had just broken Bing Crosby’s six-time streak as the Downbeat vocalist of the year, and Billboard had also bestowed him with a similar title. He was the solo vocalist of Tommy Dorsey’s orchestra, the top band in the nation, and his “I’ll Never Smile Again”2 had held at number one through the previous summer and fall. He was twenty-six and did not read a note of music.
Even though, decades into his solo career, Sinatra would sometimes declare that he never took one voice lesson, most confirm that he spent his early twenties working on and off with Quinlan, an Aussie Bel Canto tenor fired from the Met for drinking on the job. The Sinatra that arrived at Quinlan’s apartment for his first one-dollar lesson was shifty and marble-mouthed, but his voice had spirit. It carried the post-teen passion of a spoiled but driven music nut who had already decided a) that something inside him deserved to be heard and b) that popular songs were the only way he could make a big enough noise to satisfy himself.
Even as a Hoboken nobody, Sinatra had ideas about singing, gleaned from a lonely childhood spent worshipping both radio and the musicians that passed through town on the way to New York gigs. Though his young voice was tight and much less expressive than the voice we now know as his, Sinatra had already begun straining toward a sound that was cufflinked, pedigreed, and better-than. You can hear this in the apprentice-level sounds of his first recordings, pre-Quinlan. You hear the American songbook squirming inside his neck, excited to get unstuck.
Quinlan began by training Sinatra’s body from feet to pelvis to neck to temples, remolding it as a reservoir for polished tone. His breath was inflated to accommodate long, smooth notes with constancy. The mouth that, in speech, wrenched itself into Joisey knots was reprogrammed into masks of widened, relaxed singing positions. These masks—a face for every phoneme—were cross-referenced with different modes and shifts in melody, which made all Sinatra’s sounds blend into one another.
By 1941, five years after his first Quinlan lesson, the Sinatra sound figure-skated out of the nation’s radios, a presence you knew to be his at first note, a flood of lacquered sound. The thirty-two-page “Tips” claimed it could work similar magic on any interested body and face, for just seventy-five cents.
The first lesson of “Tips” is an embarrassingly easy one. “It is suggested that the student listen to the records of as many different vocalists as possible, take, for instance the Vallées, the Columbos” and—though it could’ve gone without saying—“the Crosbys.” Sinatra met Quinlan already having completed that first day’s homework; he was the rare child of the 1920s who had not only his own bedroom, but his very own Atwater Kent, at which he knelt every day after school. A Bing Crosby poster hung over his bed. By the time he was sixteen, singing local weddings and rallies for sandwiches, the neighborhood knew him as the skinny doofus who swanned about in Bing chic: yachting caps, ascots, pipes.
Crosby was a sensible choice of idol, as he, more than any other crooner that “Tips” cites, made Depression-era radio more exciting. The first crooners embraced that miracle of twentieth-century sound, the studio mic, by singing in low and heartfelt styles that countered the blare of the bandleaders and the busy vaudevillians. While Jolson,3 Durante,4 Prima,5 and Calloway6 shouted to fill noisy halls, early radio sheiks Vallée, Columbo, and especially Crosby sang close and ornate, as if the screen of the radio speaker were the lattice of a confessional window.
As Bing and company popularized singing in close-up, Tin Pan Alley heated up crooner lyrics, to the point where they bordered on purple. By the time Sinatra met Quinlan, many writers were composing lines too schmaltzy to sell with a straight face. “Tips” also mentions singer Bob Eberly, who used a mayonnaise tenor to gloss over lines like “To me your voice is like the echo of a sigh / and when you’re near my heart can’t speak above a whisper”7 and handsome Jack Leonard, Tommy Dorsey’s top voice until Sinatra took over, whose forthright, almost hunky baritone takes the sting out of turgid lines like “you are the breathless hush of evening / that trembles on the breath of a lovely song.”8 The lesson here, in both Eberly and Leonard, is that to stay afloat on these new crooner lyrics, you needed to get a strategy.
“Tips” devotes most of its pages to sixteen chromatic passages, sung in fragments of near-gibberish, which the pupil is to repeat again and again, building the muscle memory of his breath, face, and chords. Many witnessed Sinatra singing a few of these exercises, like “let-us-wander-by-the-bay,” (number three) and “that-is-all-for-to-day,” (number sixteen) into his seventh decade. Some passages are weirdly food-obsessed, like exercises seven (“eat-your-beans-and-bar-ley-too”) and ten (“give-that-boy-some-bread!”).
Other lines smack of the same heat that wafted from Sinatra’s boyhood radio. Exercise fourteen, for example, could be from a prewar ballad: “the-night-is-long / and-you’re-so-far-a-way,” sung in scales to the tune of a chiming clock. In order to sing exercise fourteen properly, “Tips” coaches the singer down to each twitch. In order to both make a beautiful noise and sell the sentiment of the line, he must use vowels as his ballast:
Begin with just a little mouth opening on the word THE, and open wider on NIGHT. The word IS calls for a small opening, with the upper and lower teeth barely touching each other…. Open again on LONG…. Then, after taking a breath, sing the word AND with only a slight mouth opening, and hold this position until the end of the phrase.
It is easy to picture Sinatra absorbing this particular rudiment because following its instructions proves how minute mouth changes can yield a lyric’s intent. As the lips expand and contract, they create an audible passion. Try speaking “the night is long and you’re so far away” the “Tips” way yourself, making sure to change your mouth shape as per the above instructions. See how the long-sung vowels of NIGHT and LONG showcase the evening and its endlessness? Feel how the tighter mouth gives the last six words a receding clench, as if the distance between the singer and the “far away” sung-to are too painful to articulate with a full throat?
Such phrasing is the first major pillar of Sinatra’s Greatness-with-a-capital-G, because nearly every damn line of his discography, even turkeys like “Mama Will Bark,”9 is this full of color and nuance. His take on a song is always a joyride of shape and dynamics, caressing the sound at every turn, while cranking out perfect wavelengths of covered tone. Half the thrill of listening to him is in the surprise of the next wide or narrow or throaty or puckered syllable, and how it mirrors the flow of a song’s special story.
Sinatra sang these action-packed syllables with the attention of a good pupil for fifty years. He used the ballast “Tips” gave him to outlive nearly all his producers and collaborators, making “Tips” sounds past the birth of Rock and Roll and the death of Disco and the discovery of Grunge. He sang them alongside Fitzgeralds and Armstrongs and Clooneys and Davises, Jr. Alongside the Diamonds and Jobims and “King” Coles and Pavarottis. The Streisands. The Bonos. This “Tips” coaching aims for the exact delivery that shaped what is arguably America’s longest singing career. It was a sound that was popular both for its refinement and for its ease: a girded, articulate, and balletic voice. And also, if we are to believe “Tips,” a teachable one.
At the end of the sixteen lyrical exercises is a page without any words, just five hand-drawn mouths making the shapes of the five vowel sounds: AYE, EE, UH, OH, and OO. A “Tips” singer is advised to treat each vowel as a fixed gesture, like the hand choreography in “YMCA.” While Sinatra did allow himself to play with consonants—dropping g’s, fusing “th” into a street tough “t”—these five fixed mouths herded his vowels, keeping them ahead of the teeth to ensure crispness. It’s an edict Sinatra heeded so well that his sounds are often mimicked as chewed. Find any tribute artist from Atlantic City to Branson, and the fake Frank’s mouth will vogue through every vowel face on page 31 to first sing “Fly. Me. To. Tha.” and then end in the extended flex of the twin OO in “Moon.” Because the vowels, all Sinatras know, are where the action is.
The UH vowel in “Tips” is a fine place to hear Sinatra separate himself from the crooner pack, as it was cellular-level choices like the ones in his UH that readied him, out of all the boy crooners, to best Bing. While Bing and his wannabes would open up for a tall and bright AH sound, Sinatra sang it UH, adding a pinch of guttural thrust. Where Bing Crosby would sing a plucky AH in “Too-ra-loo-ra,”10 bumping the vowel ever-so-sweetly like an avuncular bassoon, Sinatra sang the “all” in “All the Way”11 with a kind of unh-unh bump that no one should ever associate with her uncle.
This is part of the joke of “Swooner Crooner,”12 a 1944 Porky Pig short which portrays Bing and “Frankie” as roosters singing to the hens of Porky’s Flockheed egg factory. At the end of the day, when the two have crooned acres of eggs from the Rosie-the-Riveter hens, the pig asks them, “Gee Whiz, that was swell, fellas. Howdya eh-may-eh-may-eh-make ’em lay all those eggs?” The roosters answer in unison, “It’s very simple, Porky. Like this....” And then the Bing rooster—in a Hawaiian shirt, tapping a pipe—huffs a perfect “ah-boop-ahboop-ahboop-ahboop-ah-boop,” while the Frankie rooster—bow-tied and skinny as his mic—lets out a baritone bell tone “Uhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!”
This is the UH of “Tips,” nervy and romantic, almost pelvic. A fresh way to get a chick to lay an egg. You can hear the voice actor who plays the Frankie rooster follow the “Tips” advice to “not spread from ear” and to “pay strict attention to the jaw,” which helps drop the AH tone to both the basement of the mouth and the sweet spot of the chest. Puffed up, stomach in, he might have even leaned away from the mic to douse the UH in thick Sinatra power.
Just as Bing’s intimate croon awakened something in young Sinatra, that tiny change from AH to UH was punk enough to make young postwar listeners, flush with cash and hormones, take notice. So when Sinatra made the final word of “All or Nothing at All” a lofted F-note sung as UH, female listeners too young for nylons heard its new power, glossy as the curl Sinatra Brylcreemed to his forehead, and they heeded it.
They ran to Dorsey Orchestra gigs, shouting through the instrumental numbers for more songs with that revolutionary Frankieee feel. And after absorbing that UH, his audience released a sigh so big that the Draft Board briefly classified Sinatra’s body 2-A, as his singing was “Necessary to the national health, safety, and self-interest.” That long, deep, sigh was not an “ah” of relief, but something else entirely.
A “Tips”-taught breather inhales as he normally would, but on his exhales, he yields his natural breath to the melody, holding out to please the phrasing of the song. This requires major inhale power, which Sinatra earned after dozens of hours of eat-your-beans-and-bar-ley-too. “Tips” coaches its pupils further, stressing that exhales can be jarring, and when they must happen, they should never produce audible air. In short, nowhere in a popular performance should there be breath that is not pulling melody with it.
This is probably why it is so rare to hear Sinatra breathe on tape. Breath, he once said, could murder a record. A microphone coquette, he’d swing the hinges of his elbow and neck in opposite directions, pushing the handheld mic close for “and did it…” but shunning it for the inhale, and then reeling it back only just in time for “…my way!”13 When he stood behind a mic, he asked that its stand be black, to fade into his suit. To further guarantee he could outlast the long phrases, he swam (some say he even sang underwater), took long walks, played vigorous golf, and borrowed Tommy Dorsey’s trombone trick of taking cheat swigs of air from the corners of his mouth when nobody was looking.
This absent breath was one of Sinatra’s careful gifts—a rule he lived by, like wearing jackets and ties in Jilly’s pool room. Erasing the breath united the song, the mic, the lungs into a unit, dissociating singing from everyday vocal work, like speech. On 1955’s Songs for Young Lovers, the engineer only trapped a handful of air across all eight buoyant tracks. In “A Foggy Day” or “I Get a Kick out of You,” he just leaves where there should be breathing—a disappearing act. Then, after the inhale, he returns to the song, grabs the listener by the wrist and tightens his grip—a trapeze man fresh from the bar.
So how might such a principled breather take Jennifer Holliday’s center-stage lungs in “And I Am Telling You I’m Not Going,” a song whose emotional stakes are miles higher than any in Young Lovers, and one whose title takes an entire breath just to say? At the 1982 Tonys,14 Holliday’s breath is more a part of the show than anything. Miked in the wings, in the floor, in her hair, she can’t escape it as her character, Effie White, tries to sing her way back into her career and into the arms of the man who has left her. Between each note of the song, she corrals air and presses it from her body in squalling buckets-full.
Her pantsuit bunches as she braces the stage floor; her makeup beads and her jaw hinges like a cash register all from the work of this breathing. The audience watches it wring her into knots. And as her fists punch more air into her mouth, she releases breath in sputters, chirps, and some of the most forceful notes ever associated with Broadway. They are dirty notes—sometimes flat or adenoidal—but, when phrased with these desperate, hulking breaths, they are strangely musical.
The house first goes apeshit for a ten-second belt with no break for breath, and then they lose their minds because she breathes: 266 seconds in, between the lyric “you’re gonna love” and the last word “me,” she devotes a suspended half-second not just to inhaling, but to stuffing six thousand cc’s of air down into herself in an uncorked suck. It is the sound of a hero resurfacing after three minutes under treacherous water, or of a dagger entering the heart of a Jacobean avenger.
The note she voices with that sucker-punch breath, a cheerleader-loud “ME!” that wavers in and out of tune, is meaningless. Because the breath is what resonates in the theater; it is the real music of the song’s trite rallentando. It is the sound of a trained singer who knows that the only way to sing like a woman desperate enough to break any rule in the book is to break the major rules of singing. “Tips” be damned.
Thirty years later, singers who cover “And I Am Telling You”15 still gulp that last breath, as if it were scored on the staff alongside the fermata.
Nineteen fifty-seven was a banner year for the vowel that “Tips” spells AYE and rhymes with WAY, and not just because Sinatra recorded “A(ye)pril in Paris,” “Ba(ye)be Won’t You Please,” “The Night We Called It a Day(e),” The Road to Mandalay(e),” and “Put Your Dreams Away(e) For Another Day(e).” That year also brought eight charted singles for Little Richard, who puts his AYE up just behind his front teeth—more like AIE—so he can sing the vowel bright and dandy in songs like “Rip It Up”: “got me a daite and I won’t be laite! Pick her up in my aitey-aite.”16 It was also the year of “Whole Lotta Shakin’,”17 in which Jerry Lee Lewis twangs a preacher’s AYE for “shakin’,” “shake,” and “baby.” And finally, for all twenty-eight minutes of 1957’s The “Chirping” Crickets, Buddy Holly rolls both corners of his upper lip toward his nostrils, then bounces the AYE to either his sinuses or his gullet for “that’ll be the day-AY-AY”18 and “MAY-be BAY-by”19 and “uh-HAY-HAY.”20
Lewis was seven when “Tips” was published, Holly was six, and Richard was nine, but it’s worth wondering if they ever got their hands on an old copy as kids, because their 1957 TV appearances show Sinatra’s “Mouth Positions” taken to absurd places. On the Steve Allen Show,21 Lewis mugs through two entire songs, maintaining the fixed faces of “Tips” even when he isn’t singing. As he vamps on the keys, Lewis stares into the camera like a blow-up doll in a curly wig, his teeth bared into the AYE-mouth and his eyes wide. Of course, a mouth this locked can’t enunciate, so the lyrics barely make it out of his frozen jaw, and the line “well, we’ve got the bull by the horns” comes out weehweegottaboooobahdahooorn. Buddy Holly’s mouth is smaller, a rectangle with rounded corners like a 17-inch Westinghouse set. In a December 1957 episode of Arthur Murray Party,22 he takes exaggerated pains to sing “pre-tty-pre-tty-pre-tty-pre-tty-Peg-gy-Soo-uh-oh-PAYE-ggy” as an animatronic run of all five “Tips” shapes.
Though their eccentric AYEs seem to mock vocal propriety, each singer follows a pop tradition forged by Sinatra and “Tips.” In The “Chirping” Crickets, High School Confidential, and Here’s Little Richard, each vocalist recorded and promoted his own “showcase vowels” to the populous. The voices of early rock, Elvis included, all gave the vowels of their lyrics an immutable stamp, and this is what Sinatra did in the 40s and 50s, with vowels that turned the crooners into balladeers. For a decade and a half, the UH of pop music was Sinatra’s UH, and the AYE was his, too. Billboard and Downbeat sanctified the velvety top roundness of his AYE and the very slight “ee” he pins to any AYE on a line-break (“I did it my wAYEeeee”).23 These were vowels, Embassy Music Corporation said, righteous enough to be publishable.
So perhaps, when we hear Lewis, Holly, or Richard sing the motley AYEs of 1957, we hear the young singers’ bids to own a vowel like real estate, to have a cartoon mouth drawn in their honor. To control the AYE, but probably for just a few years, as there are few mouths which popular music does not outgrow.
“Tips” insists that a popular singer’s throat be swaddled and monitored like a NICU baby. Quit practicing whenever the throat feels stretched, it says, and treat even the slightest tickle with hot water, lemon, and doctors. It warns all singing bodies to “keep the feet dry and avoid sitting in a draft,” though it is surprisingly tight-lipped regarding cigarettes or booze. Sinatra heeded these directives as faithfully as he did the vowel lessons in “Tips.” Many of his entourage noted that he washed his hands two dozen times a day and changed his boxers at least twice on show nights. When he had his druthers (which was often), he recorded in the evening, after his throat had been given hours to loosen. And he rarely used his voice off the clock. Ava Gardner only remembers one private concert in all of their six fiery years together, when he sang her to sleep24 during a bumpy jeep ride across East Africa.
The prime motivator for all this throat care was fear. Sinatra’s voice was legendarily fragile, as toxins, overuse, and even emotional turmoil bled all over his session tapes. Worse, sickness or stress had been known to silence him. After one strep diagnosis, he spent a week of vocal rest in an oxygen chamber, miming hand signals to his valet. And his career almost ended in 1951, when, crippled by a doomed love affair and a dirty fight over his Columbia contract, he suffered a “submucosal hemorrhage” onstage at the Copa, during the most inopportune phrase of “Bali H’ai.” His throat just gave: not a crack, but a mutiny that was, of course, written up in all the trades. He allegedly tried suicide that same year.
At thirty-five, smack dab in what experts call the peak of a trained baritone’s years, Sinatra was slapped with a reminder: that singing is a gerrymandered bodily function, even more so than speech. For all the research and methodology humans have applied to it, enough of singing’s processes are still equal parts magic, blind faith, and—worst of all—confidence. Sinatra’s voice, which Gay Talese called an “uninsurable jewel,” was also an unlocatable entity that could be trained, but not trapped. Though the regions of the body most responsible for singing are easily monitored, singing itself does not calcify or clot. It cannot not be X-rayed or splinted, like our other breakable body parts. For the voice is not a body part at all.
Maybe this is what those early rockers were fighting: Sinatra’s devotion to a ritual that could not be guaranteed. They pushed back at the fact that, even if a traditional pop singer followed all the edicts of vocal health and exercise, he still had to worry and pray just to keep his phantom instrument in a bankable order. To the oncoming waves of rockabillies, folkies, invading Brits, girl groups, glams, goths, new wavers