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for download at the AFEAS Data Download Page.)
Summary
Since 1976, the chemical industry has voluntarily reported the production and sales of fluorocarbons through a survey compiled by an independent accountant, Grant Thornton LLP. The main purpose of the survey is to provide the scientific community with data estimating atmospheric release of CFCs and the alternative fluorocarbons. Data are available through 2003 for CFCs 11, 12, 113, 114 and 115; HCFCs 22, 124, 141b and 142b; and HFCs 134a, 125 and 143a.Production of CFCs by companies reporting to AFEAS has continued to diminish in both absolute and relative terms and the AFEAS data now capture only 16% of the global total estimated from the database maintained by UNEP (which is compiled from reports by all Parties to the Montreal Protocol). It could be misleading to extrapolate sales and emissions of CFCs from such a small fraction of the global emissions and so, from now on, categorized sales and emissions of CFCs will not feature in the AFEAS report.
The total production of all CFCs reported to AFEAS in 2003 is less than 2% of that in the peak year, 1988, and is now down to the level of the late 1940s. As shown in the graph below, the alternatives initially grew rapidly after their introduction to replace CFCs but now have varied growth rates, with most leveling off as they become more mature products. Production of HCFCs reported to AFEAS has fallen significantly since 1996.
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Note: "Production" (as defined in the Montreal Protocol) does not include feedstock uses. [ Download as Acrobat PDF for printing | Download as high-quality PNG for use in other documents ] |
Under the Montreal Protocol, CFC production in the developed world after January 1996 was only permitted to supply the basic domestic needs of less-developed countries plus a very small allowance for essential uses (mostly for laboratory and pharmaceutical purposes). As illustrated in the following plot, the production of CFCs and HCFCs by AFEAS reporting companies, weighted according to the ozone depletion potential (ODP) of each compound, has been reduced by 96% from the peak year, 1988.
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NOTE: Calculated from production reported to AFEAS with ozone depletion potential (ODP) values from "Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances 1986-1998," UNEP, October 1999. The ODP of HFCs is zero because they do not contain chlorine. Therefore, they do not appear in the above figure. [ Download as Acrobat PDF for printing | Download as high-quality PNG for use in other documents ] |
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NOTE: Calculated from production reported to AFEAS with global warming potentials for a 100-year time horizon from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1995). [Note: The Kyoto Protocol is based on actual emissions, not production.] [ Download as Acrobat PDF for printing | Download as high-quality PNG for use in other documents ] |
NOTE: During the 2003 study, a correction was made to remove a systematic error in the formulas used in the computation of Fugitive Emissions for HCFCs and HFCs. The amounts reported for 1996 through 2002 have been recalculated to apply the revised formula, affecting the production and sales totals for these years as well as the cumulative Estimated (random) Error. The consequences are that total production of HCFCs during this period is 2.4% less than that calculated using the old formula and HFC production is 1.4% less. The effects on random errors are much smaller; these remain unchanged for the whole of the HCFC database (at 0.35%), and have increased from 0.60 to 0.62% for the HFCs.
Overview of the Data
Annual production data for the five CFCs and production and sales data for the seven other fluorocarbons are presented in the summary tables. Sales are divided into use categories -- such as refrigeration, foam blowing, aerosols, solvents, and other uses -- to the best knowledge of the producers. Some degree of geographical breakdown is also provided but the AFEAS survey does not distinguish between Article 5 (developing) countries and non-Article 5 (developed) countries. An estimate of atmospheric releases of the individual HCFCs and HFCs is also provided. The full set of production, sales and emissions data can be downloaded from the AFEAS web site at www.afeas.org/prodsales_download.html. This overview and the graphics are available at www.afeas.org/production_and_sales.html.| |
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Bibliography
Further detail of the data collection and emission estimation procedures and associated uncertainties, and of the geographical distribution of emissions has been published in the papers listed below.| | |
| R.L. McCarthy, F.A. Bower and J.P. Jesson. "The Fluorocarbon-Ozone Theory - I. Production and Release: World Production and Release of CCl3F and CCl2F2 (Fluorocarbons 11 and 12) Through 1975," Atmos. Environ., 11, 491-497, 1977. | |
| P.H. Gamlen, B.C. Lane, P.M. Midgley and J.M. Steed. "The Production and Release to the Atmosphere of CCl3F and CCl2F2 (Chlorofluorocarbons CFC 11 and CFC 12)," Atmos. Environ., 20, 1077-1085, 1986. | |
| D.A. Fisher and P.M. Midgley. "The Production and Release to the Atmosphere of CFCs 113, 114 & 115," Atmos. Environ., 27A, 271-276, 1993. | |
| P.M. Midgley and D.A. Fisher. "The Production and Release to the Atmosphere of Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)," Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2215-2223, 1993. | |
| D.A. Fisher and P.M. Midgley. "Uncertainties in the Calculation of Atmospheric Releases of Chlorofluorocarbons," J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16, 643-16,650, 1994. | |
| A. McCulloch, P.M. Midgley and D.A. Fisher. "Distribution of Emissions of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 11, 12, 113, 114 and 115 Among Reporting and Non-Reporting Countries in 1986," Atmos. Environ., 28, 2567-2582, 1994. | |
| D.A. Fisher, T. Duafala, P.M. Midgley and C. Niemi. "Production and Emission of CFCs, Halons, and Related Molecules," in Report on Concentrations, Lifetimes, and Trends of CFCs, Halons, and Related Species, NASA Reference Publication 1339, J.A. Kaye, S.A. Penkett and F.M. Ormond (eds.), 1994. | |
| P.M. Midgley and A. McCulloch. "Estimated National Releases to the Atmosphere of Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) during 1990," Atmos. Environ., 31, 809-811, 1997. | |
| A. McCulloch and P.M. Midgley. "Estimated Historic Emissions of Fluorocarbons from the European Union," Atmos. Environ., 32, 1571-1580, 1998. | |
| M.A. Aucott, A. McCulloch, T.E. Graedel, G. Kleiman, P.M. Midgley and Y.-F. Li. "Anthropogenic Emissions of Trichloromethane (Chloroform) and Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22): Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory," J. Geophys. Res., 104(D7), 8405-8415, 1999. | |
| P.M. Midgley and A. McCulloch. "Properties and Applications of Industrial Halocarbons," "International Regulations on Halocarbons," and "Production, Sales and Emissions of Industrial Halocarbons," in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4 Part E: Reactive Halogen Compounds in the Atmosphere, (ISBN 3-540-64090-8), pp. 129-153, 155-190, 203-221, P. Fabian and O.N. Singh (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1999. | |
| A. McCulloch, P. Ashford, and P.M. Midgley. "Historic Emissions of Fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11) Based on a Market Survey," Atmos. Environ., 35, 4387-4397, 2001. | |
| A. McCulloch, P.M. Midgley, and P. Ashford. "Releases of Refrigerant Gases (CFC-12, HCFC-22, and HFC-134a) to the Atmosphere," Atmos. Environ., 37(7), 889-902, 2003. | |
| A. McCulloch, P.M. Midgley, and A.A. Lindley. "Recent Changes in the Production and Global Atmospheric Emissions of Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)," submitted to Atmos. Environ., 2005. |
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